[cmdpal] Port v1 calculator extension (#38629)

* init

* update

* Remove duplicated cp command

* Change the long desc

* Update notice.md

* Use the same icon for fallback item

* Add Rappl to expect list

* update notice.md

* Move the original order back.

* Make Radians become default choice

* Fix empty result

* Remove unused settings.
Move history back.
Refactory the query logic

* fix typo

* merge main

* CmdPal: minor calc updates (#38914)

A bunch of calc updates

* maintain the visibility of the history
* add other formats to the context menu #38708
* some other icon tidying

---------

Co-authored-by: Yu Leng (from Dev Box) <yuleng@microsoft.com>
Co-authored-by: Mike Griese <migrie@microsoft.com>

.github/actions/spell-check/expect.txt

@@ -1299,6 +1299,7 @@ QUNS
 QXZ
 RAII
 RAlt
+Rappl
 randi
 Rasterization
 Rasterize

NOTICE.md

@@ -75,6 +75,40 @@ OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 For more information, please refer to <http://unlicense.org/>
 ```
 
+## Utility: Command Palette Built-in Extensions
+
+### Calculator
+
+#### Mages
+
+We use the Mages NuGet package for calculating the result of expression.
+
+**Source**: [https://github.com/FlorianRappl/Mages](https://github.com/FlorianRappl/Mages)
+
+```
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2016 - 2025 Florian Rappl
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
+```
+
 ## Utility: File Explorer Add-ins
 
 ### Monaco Editor

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/CalculatorCommandProvider.cs

@@ -2,176 +2,34 @@
 // The Microsoft Corporation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
 // See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
 
-using System;
+using Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Helper;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Pages;
-using System.Data;
-using System.Globalization;
-using System.Text;
 using Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Properties;
 using Microsoft.CommandPalette.Extensions;
 using Microsoft.CommandPalette.Extensions.Toolkit;
-using Windows.Foundation;
 
 namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc;
 
 public partial class CalculatorCommandProvider : CommandProvider
 {
-    private readonly ListItem _listItem = new(new CalculatorListPage()) { Subtitle = Resources.calculator_top_level_subtitle };
+    private readonly ListItem _listItem = new(new CalculatorListPage(settings))
-    private readonly FallbackCalculatorItem _fallback = new();
+    {
+        Subtitle = Resources.calculator_top_level_subtitle,
+        MoreCommands = [new CommandContextItem(settings.Settings.SettingsPage)],
+    };
+
+    private readonly FallbackCalculatorItem _fallback = new(settings);
+    private static SettingsManager settings = new();
 
     public CalculatorCommandProvider()
     {
         Id = "Calculator";
         DisplayName = Resources.calculator_display_name;
-        Icon = IconHelpers.FromRelativePath("Assets\\Calculator.svg");
+        Icon = CalculatorIcons.ProviderIcon;
+        Settings = settings.Settings;
     }
 
     public override ICommandItem[] TopLevelCommands() => [_listItem];
 
     public override IFallbackCommandItem[] FallbackCommands() => [_fallback];
 }
-
-// The calculator page is a dynamic list page
-// * The first command is where we display the results. Title=result, Subtitle=query
-//   - The default command is `SaveCommand`.
-//     - When you save, insert into list at spot 1
-//     - change SearchText to the result
-//   - MoreCommands: a single `CopyCommand` to copy the result to the clipboard
-// * The rest of the items are previously saved results
-//   - Command is a CopyCommand
-//   - Each item also sets the TextToSuggest to the result
-[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("StyleCop.CSharp.MaintainabilityRules", "SA1402:File may only contain a single type", Justification = "This is sample code")]
-public sealed partial class CalculatorListPage : DynamicListPage
-{
-    private readonly List<ListItem> _items = [];
-    private readonly SaveCommand _saveCommand = new();
-    private readonly CopyTextCommand _copyContextCommand;
-    private readonly CommandContextItem _copyContextMenuItem;
-    private static readonly CompositeFormat ErrorMessage = System.Text.CompositeFormat.Parse(Properties.Resources.calculator_error);
-
-    public CalculatorListPage()
-    {
-        Icon = IconHelpers.FromRelativePath("Assets\\Calculator.svg");
-        Name = Resources.calculator_title;
-        PlaceholderText = Resources.calculator_placeholder_text;
-        Id = "com.microsoft.cmdpal.calculator";
-
-        _copyContextCommand = new CopyTextCommand(string.Empty);
-        _copyContextMenuItem = new CommandContextItem(_copyContextCommand);
-
-        _items.Add(new(_saveCommand) { Icon = new IconInfo("\uE94E") });
-
-        UpdateSearchText(string.Empty, string.Empty);
-
-        _saveCommand.SaveRequested += HandleSave;
-    }
-
-    private void HandleSave(object sender, object args)
-    {
-        var lastResult = _items[0].Title;
-        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(lastResult))
-        {
-            var li = new ListItem(new CopyTextCommand(lastResult))
-            {
-                Title = _items[0].Title,
-                Subtitle = _items[0].Subtitle,
-                TextToSuggest = lastResult,
-            };
-            _items.Insert(1, li);
-            _items[0].Subtitle = string.Empty;
-            SearchText = lastResult;
-            this.RaiseItemsChanged(this._items.Count);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public override void UpdateSearchText(string oldSearch, string newSearch)
-    {
-        var firstItem = _items[0];
-        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(newSearch))
-        {
-            firstItem.Title = Resources.calculator_placeholder_text;
-            firstItem.Subtitle = string.Empty;
-            firstItem.MoreCommands = [];
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            _copyContextCommand.Text = ParseQuery(newSearch, out var result) ? result : string.Empty;
-            firstItem.Title = result;
-            firstItem.Subtitle = newSearch;
-            firstItem.MoreCommands = [_copyContextMenuItem];
-        }
-    }
-
-    internal static bool ParseQuery(string equation, out string result)
-    {
-        try
-        {
-            var resultNumber = new DataTable().Compute(equation, null);
-            result = resultNumber.ToString() ?? string.Empty;
-            return true;
-        }
-        catch (Exception e)
-        {
-            result = string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, ErrorMessage, e.Message);
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    public override IListItem[] GetItems() => _items.ToArray();
-}
-
-[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("StyleCop.CSharp.MaintainabilityRules", "SA1402:File may only contain a single type", Justification = "This is sample code")]
-public sealed partial class SaveCommand : InvokableCommand
-{
-    public event TypedEventHandler<object, object> SaveRequested;
-
-    public SaveCommand()
-    {
-        Name = Resources.calculator_save_command_name;
-    }
-
-    public override ICommandResult Invoke()
-    {
-        SaveRequested?.Invoke(this, this);
-        return CommandResult.KeepOpen();
-    }
-}
-
-[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("StyleCop.CSharp.MaintainabilityRules", "SA1402:File may only contain a single type", Justification = "This is sample code")]
-internal sealed partial class FallbackCalculatorItem : FallbackCommandItem
-{
-    private readonly CopyTextCommand _copyCommand = new(string.Empty);
-    private static readonly IconInfo _cachedIcon = IconHelpers.FromRelativePath("Assets\\Calculator.svg");
-
-    public FallbackCalculatorItem()
-        : base(new NoOpCommand(), Resources.calculator_title)
-    {
-        Command = _copyCommand;
-        _copyCommand.Name = string.Empty;
-        Title = string.Empty;
-        Subtitle = Resources.calculator_placeholder_text;
-        Icon = _cachedIcon;
-    }
-
-    public override void UpdateQuery(string query)
-    {
-        if (CalculatorListPage.ParseQuery(query, out var result))
-        {
-            _copyCommand.Text = result;
-            _copyCommand.Name = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(query) ? string.Empty : Resources.calculator_copy_command_name;
-            Title = result;
-
-            // we have to make the subtitle the equation,
-            // so that we will still string match the original query
-            // Otherwise, something like 1+2 will have a title of "3" and not match
-            Subtitle = query;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            _copyCommand.Text = string.Empty;
-            _copyCommand.Name = string.Empty;
-            Title = string.Empty;
-            Subtitle = string.Empty;
-        }
-    }
-}

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Helper/BracketHelper.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
+// The Microsoft Corporation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Helper;
+
+public static class BracketHelper
+{
+    public static bool IsBracketComplete(string query)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(query))
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        var valueTuples = query
+            .Select(BracketTrail)
+            .Where(r => r != default);
+
+        var trailTest = new Stack<TrailType>();
+
+        foreach (var (direction, type) in valueTuples)
+        {
+            switch (direction)
+            {
+                case TrailDirection.Open:
+                    trailTest.Push(type);
+                    break;
+                case TrailDirection.Close:
+                    // Try to get item out of stack
+                    if (!trailTest.TryPop(out var popped))
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    if (type != popped)
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    continue;
+                default:
+                    {
+                        throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException($"Can't process value (Parameter direction: {direction})");
+                    }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return trailTest.Count == 0;
+    }
+
+    private static (TrailDirection Direction, TrailType Type) BracketTrail(char @char)
+    {
+        switch (@char)
+        {
+            case '(':
+                return (TrailDirection.Open, TrailType.Round);
+            case ')':
+                return (TrailDirection.Close, TrailType.Round);
+            case '[':
+                return (TrailDirection.Open, TrailType.Bracket);
+            case ']':
+                return (TrailDirection.Close, TrailType.Bracket);
+            default:
+                return default;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private enum TrailDirection
+    {
+        None,
+        Open,
+        Close,
+    }
+
+    private enum TrailType
+    {
+        None,
+        Bracket,
+        Round,
+    }
+}

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Helper/CalculateEngine.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
+// The Microsoft Corporation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+
+using Mages.Core;
+
+namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Helper;
+
+public static class CalculateEngine
+{
+    private static readonly Engine _magesEngine = new Engine(new Configuration
+    {
+        Scope = new Dictionary<string, object>
+        {
+            { "e", Math.E }, // e is not contained in the default mages engine
+        },
+    });
+
+    public const int RoundingDigits = 10;
+
+    public enum TrigMode
+    {
+        Radians,
+        Degrees,
+        Gradians,
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Interpret
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="cultureInfo">Use CultureInfo.CurrentCulture if something is user facing</param>
+    public static CalculateResult Interpret(SettingsManager settings, string input, CultureInfo cultureInfo, out string error)
+    {
+        error = default;
+
+        if (!CalculateHelper.InputValid(input))
+        {
+            return default;
+        }
+
+        // check for division by zero
+        // We check if the string contains a slash followed by space (optional) and zero. Whereas the zero must not be followed by a dot, comma, 'b', 'o' or 'x' as these indicate a number with decimal digits or a binary/octal/hexadecimal value respectively. The zero must also not be followed by other digits.
+        if (new Regex("\\/\\s*0(?!(?:[,\\.0-9]|[box]0*[1-9a-f]))", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase).Match(input).Success)
+        {
+            error = Properties.Resources.calculator_division_by_zero;
+            return default;
+        }
+
+        // mages has quirky log representation
+        // mage has log == ln vs log10
+        input = input.
+                    Replace("log(", "log10(", true, CultureInfo.CurrentCulture).
+                    Replace("ln(", "log(", true, CultureInfo.CurrentCulture);
+
+        input = CalculateHelper.FixHumanMultiplicationExpressions(input);
+
+        // Get the user selected trigonometry unit
+        TrigMode trigMode = settings.TrigUnit;
+
+        // Modify trig functions depending on angle unit setting
+        input = CalculateHelper.UpdateTrigFunctions(input, trigMode);
+
+        // Expand conversions between trig units
+        input = CalculateHelper.ExpandTrigConversions(input, trigMode);
+
+        var result = _magesEngine.Interpret(input);
+
+        // This could happen for some incorrect queries, like pi(2)
+        if (result == null)
+        {
+            error = Properties.Resources.calculator_expression_not_complete;
+            return default;
+        }
+
+        result = TransformResult(result);
+        if (result is string)
+        {
+            error = result as string;
+            return default;
+        }
+
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(result?.ToString()))
+        {
+            return default;
+        }
+
+        var decimalResult = Convert.ToDecimal(result, cultureInfo);
+        var roundedResult = Round(decimalResult);
+
+        return new CalculateResult()
+        {
+            Result = decimalResult,
+            RoundedResult = roundedResult,
+        };
+    }
+
+    public static decimal Round(decimal value)
+    {
+        return Math.Round(value, RoundingDigits, MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero);
+    }
+
+    private static dynamic TransformResult(object result)
+    {
+        if (result.ToString() == "NaN")
+        {
+            return Properties.Resources.calculator_not_a_number;
+        }
+
+        if (result is Function)
+        {
+            return Properties.Resources.calculator_expression_not_complete;
+        }
+
+        if (result is double[,])
+        {
+            // '[10,10]' is interpreted as array by mages engine
+            return Properties.Resources.calculator_double_array_returned;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+}

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Helper/CalculateHelper.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
+// The Microsoft Corporation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+
+namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Helper;
+
+public static class CalculateHelper
+{
+    private static readonly Regex RegValidExpressChar = new Regex(
+        @"^(" +
+        @"%|" +
+        @"ceil\s*\(|floor\s*\(|exp\s*\(|max\s*\(|min\s*\(|abs\s*\(|log(?:2|10)?\s*\(|ln\s*\(|sqrt\s*\(|pow\s*\(|" +
+        @"factorial\s*\(|sign\s*\(|round\s*\(|rand\s*\(\)|randi\s*\([^\)]|" +
+        @"sin\s*\(|cos\s*\(|tan\s*\(|arcsin\s*\(|arccos\s*\(|arctan\s*\(|" +
+        @"sinh\s*\(|cosh\s*\(|tanh\s*\(|arsinh\s*\(|arcosh\s*\(|artanh\s*\(|" +
+        @"rad\s*\(|deg\s*\(|grad\s*\(|" + /* trigonometry unit conversion macros */
+        @"pi|" +
+        @"==|~=|&&|\|\||" +
+        @"((-?(\d+(\.\d*)?)|-?(\.\d+))[Ee](-?\d+))|" + /* expression from CheckScientificNotation between parenthesis */
+        @"e|[0-9]|0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+|0[bB][01]+|0[oO][0-7]+|[\+\-\*\/\^\., ""]|[\(\)\|\!\[\]]" +
+        @")+$",
+        RegexOptions.Compiled);
+
+    private const string DegToRad = "(pi / 180) * ";
+    private const string DegToGrad = "(10 / 9) * ";
+    private const string GradToRad = "(pi / 200) * ";
+    private const string GradToDeg = "(9 / 10) * ";
+    private const string RadToDeg = "(180 / pi) * ";
+    private const string RadToGrad = "(200 / pi) * ";
+
+    public static bool InputValid(string input)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(input))
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentNullException(paramName: nameof(input));
+        }
+
+        if (!RegValidExpressChar.IsMatch(input))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!BracketHelper.IsBracketComplete(input))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // If the input ends with a binary operator then it is not a valid input to mages and the Interpret function would throw an exception. Because we expect here that the user has not finished typing we block those inputs.
+        var trimmedInput = input.TrimEnd();
+        if (trimmedInput.EndsWith('+') || trimmedInput.EndsWith('-') || trimmedInput.EndsWith('*') || trimmedInput.EndsWith('|') || trimmedInput.EndsWith('\\') || trimmedInput.EndsWith('^') || trimmedInput.EndsWith('=') || trimmedInput.EndsWith('&') || trimmedInput.EndsWith('/') || trimmedInput.EndsWith('%'))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static string FixHumanMultiplicationExpressions(string input)
+    {
+        var output = CheckScientificNotation(input);
+        output = CheckNumberOrConstantThenParenthesisExpr(output);
+        output = CheckNumberOrConstantThenFunc(output);
+        output = CheckParenthesisExprThenFunc(output);
+        output = CheckParenthesisExprThenParenthesisExpr(output);
+        output = CheckNumberThenConstant(output);
+        output = CheckConstantThenConstant(output);
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    private static string CheckScientificNotation(string input)
+    {
+        /**
+         * NOTE: By the time the expression gets to us, it's already in English format.
+         *
+         * Regex explanation:
+         * (-?(\d+({0}\d*)?)|-?({0}\d+)): Used to capture one of two types:
+         * -?(\d+({0}\d*)?): Captures a decimal number starting with a number (e.g. "-1.23")
+         * -?({0}\d+): Captures a decimal number without leading number (e.g. ".23")
+         * e: Captures 'e' or 'E'
+         * (-?\d+): Captures an integer number (e.g. "-1" or "23")
+         */
+        var p = @"(-?(\d+(\.\d*)?)|-?(\.\d+))e(-?\d+)";
+        return Regex.Replace(input, p, "($1 * 10^($5))", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * num (exp)
+     * const (exp)
+     */
+    private static string CheckNumberOrConstantThenParenthesisExpr(string input)
+    {
+        var output = input;
+        do
+        {
+            input = output;
+            output = Regex.Replace(input, @"(\d+|pi|e)\s*(\()", m =>
+            {
+                if (m.Index > 0 && char.IsLetter(input[m.Index - 1]))
+                {
+                    return m.Value;
+                }
+
+                return $"{m.Groups[1].Value} * {m.Groups[2].Value}";
+            });
+        }
+        while (output != input);
+
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * num func
+     * const func
+     */
+    private static string CheckNumberOrConstantThenFunc(string input)
+    {
+        var output = input;
+        do
+        {
+            input = output;
+            output = Regex.Replace(input, @"(\d+|pi|e)\s*([a-zA-Z]+[0-9]*\s*\()", m =>
+            {
+                if (input[m.Index] == 'e' && input[m.Index + 1] == 'x' && input[m.Index + 2] == 'p')
+                {
+                    return m.Value;
+                }
+
+                if (m.Index > 0 && char.IsLetter(input[m.Index - 1]))
+                {
+                    return m.Value;
+                }
+
+                return $"{m.Groups[1].Value} * {m.Groups[2].Value}";
+            });
+        }
+        while (output != input);
+
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * (exp) func
+     * func func
+     */
+    private static string CheckParenthesisExprThenFunc(string input)
+    {
+        var p = @"(\))\s*([a-zA-Z]+[0-9]*\s*\()";
+        var r = "$1 * $2";
+        return Regex.Replace(input, p, r);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * (exp) (exp)
+     * func (exp)
+     */
+    private static string CheckParenthesisExprThenParenthesisExpr(string input)
+    {
+        var p = @"(\))\s*(\()";
+        var r = "$1 * $2";
+        return Regex.Replace(input, p, r);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * num const
+     */
+    private static string CheckNumberThenConstant(string input)
+    {
+        var output = input;
+        do
+        {
+            input = output;
+            output = Regex.Replace(input, @"(\d+)\s*(pi|e)", m =>
+            {
+                if (m.Index > 0 && char.IsLetter(input[m.Index - 1]))
+                {
+                    return m.Value;
+                }
+
+                return $"{m.Groups[1].Value} * {m.Groups[2].Value}";
+            });
+        }
+        while (output != input);
+
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * const const
+     */
+    private static string CheckConstantThenConstant(string input)
+    {
+        var output = input;
+        do
+        {
+            input = output;
+            output = Regex.Replace(input, @"(pi|e)\s*(pi|e)", m =>
+            {
+                if (m.Index > 0 && char.IsLetter(input[m.Index - 1]))
+                {
+                    return m.Value;
+                }
+
+                return $"{m.Groups[1].Value} * {m.Groups[2].Value}";
+            });
+        }
+        while (output != input);
+
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    // Gets the index of the closing bracket of a function
+    private static int FindClosingBracketIndex(string input, int start)
+    {
+        var bracketCount = 0;    // Set count to zero
+        for (var i = start; i < input.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (input[i] == '(')
+            {
+                bracketCount++;
+            }
+            else if (input[i] == ')')
+            {
+                bracketCount--;
+                if (bracketCount == 0)
+                {
+                    return i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return -1;  // Unmatched brackets
+    }
+
+    private static string ModifyTrigFunction(string input, string function, string modification)
+    {
+        // Get the RegEx pattern to match, depending on whether the function is inverse or normal
+        var pattern = function.StartsWith("arc", StringComparison.Ordinal) ? string.Empty : @"(?<!c)";
+        pattern += $@"{function}\s*\(";
+
+        var index = 0;    // Index for match to ensure that the same match is not found twice
+
+        Regex regex = new Regex(pattern);
+        Match match;
+
+        while ((match = regex.Match(input, index)).Success)
+        {
+            index = match.Index + match.Groups[0].Length + modification.Length;    // Get the next index to look from for further matches
+
+            var endIndex = FindClosingBracketIndex(input, match.Index + match.Groups[0].Length - 1);    // Find the index of the closing bracket of the function
+
+            // If no valid bracket index was found, try the next match
+            if (endIndex == -1)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            var argument = input.Substring(match.Index + match.Groups[0].Length, endIndex - (match.Index + match.Groups[0].Length));  // Extract the argument between the brackets
+            var replaced = function.StartsWith("arc", StringComparison.Ordinal) ? $"{modification}({match.Groups[0].Value}{argument}))" : $"{match.Groups[0].Value}{modification}({argument}))";  // The string to substitute in, handles differing formats of inverse functions
+
+            input = input.Remove(match.Index, endIndex - match.Index + 1);    // Remove the match from the input
+            input = input.Insert(match.Index, replaced);    // Substitute with the new string
+        }
+
+        return input;
+    }
+
+    public static string UpdateTrigFunctions(string input, CalculateEngine.TrigMode mode)
+    {
+        var modifiedInput = input;
+        if (mode == CalculateEngine.TrigMode.Degrees)
+        {
+            modifiedInput = ModifyTrigFunction(modifiedInput, "sin", DegToRad);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyTrigFunction(modifiedInput, "cos", DegToRad);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyTrigFunction(modifiedInput, "tan", DegToRad);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyTrigFunction(modifiedInput, "arcsin", RadToDeg);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyTrigFunction(modifiedInput, "arccos", RadToDeg);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyTrigFunction(modifiedInput, "arctan", RadToDeg);
+        }
+        else if (mode == CalculateEngine.TrigMode.Gradians)
+        {
+            modifiedInput = ModifyTrigFunction(modifiedInput, "sin", GradToRad);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyTrigFunction(modifiedInput, "cos", GradToRad);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyTrigFunction(modifiedInput, "tan", GradToRad);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyTrigFunction(modifiedInput, "arcsin", RadToGrad);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyTrigFunction(modifiedInput, "arccos", RadToGrad);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyTrigFunction(modifiedInput, "arctan", RadToGrad);
+        }
+
+        return modifiedInput;
+    }
+
+    private static string ModifyMathFunction(string input, string function, string modification)
+    {
+        // Create the pattern to match the function, opening bracket, and any spaces in between
+        var pattern = $@"{function}\s*\(";
+        return Regex.Replace(input, pattern, modification + "(");
+    }
+
+    public static string ExpandTrigConversions(string input, CalculateEngine.TrigMode mode)
+    {
+        var modifiedInput = input;
+
+        // Expand "rad", "deg" and "grad" to their respective conversions for the current trig unit
+        if (mode == CalculateEngine.TrigMode.Radians)
+        {
+            modifiedInput = ModifyMathFunction(modifiedInput, "deg", DegToRad);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyMathFunction(modifiedInput, "grad", GradToRad);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyMathFunction(modifiedInput, "rad", string.Empty);
+        }
+        else if (mode == CalculateEngine.TrigMode.Degrees)
+        {
+            modifiedInput = ModifyMathFunction(modifiedInput, "deg", string.Empty);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyMathFunction(modifiedInput, "grad", GradToDeg);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyMathFunction(modifiedInput, "rad", RadToDeg);
+        }
+        else if (mode == CalculateEngine.TrigMode.Gradians)
+        {
+            modifiedInput = ModifyMathFunction(modifiedInput, "deg", DegToGrad);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyMathFunction(modifiedInput, "grad", string.Empty);
+            modifiedInput = ModifyMathFunction(modifiedInput, "rad", RadToGrad);
+        }
+
+        return modifiedInput;
+    }
+}

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Helper/CalculateResult.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
+// The Microsoft Corporation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+
+namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Helper;
+
+public struct CalculateResult : IEquatable<CalculateResult>
+{
+    public decimal? Result { get; set; }
+
+    public decimal? RoundedResult { get; set; }
+
+    public bool Equals(CalculateResult other)
+    {
+        return Result == other.Result && RoundedResult == other.RoundedResult;
+    }
+
+    public override bool Equals(object obj)
+    {
+        return obj is CalculateResult other && Equals(other);
+    }
+
+    public override int GetHashCode()
+    {
+        return HashCode.Combine(Result, RoundedResult);
+    }
+
+    public static bool operator ==(CalculateResult left, CalculateResult right)
+    {
+        return left.Equals(right);
+    }
+
+    public static bool operator !=(CalculateResult left, CalculateResult right)
+    {
+        return !(left == right);
+    }
+}

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Helper/CalculatorIcons.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
+// The Microsoft Corporation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Microsoft.CommandPalette.Extensions.Toolkit;
+
+namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Helper;
+
+public static class CalculatorIcons
+{
+    public static IconInfo ResultIcon => new("\uE94E");
+
+    public static IconInfo SaveIcon => new("\uE74E");
+
+    public static IconInfo ErrorIcon => new("\uE783");
+
+    public static IconInfo ProviderIcon => IconHelpers.FromRelativePath("Assets\\Calculator.svg");
+}

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Helper/ErrorHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
+// The Microsoft Corporation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using ManagedCommon;
+using Microsoft.CommandPalette.Extensions.Toolkit;
+
+namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Helper;
+
+internal static class ErrorHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Method to handles errors while calculating
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="isFallbackSearch">Bool to indicate if it is a fallback query.</param>
+    /// <param name="queryInput">User input as string including the action keyword.</param>
+    /// <param name="errorMessage">Error message if applicable.</param>
+    /// <param name="exception">Exception if applicable.</param>
+    /// <returns>List of results to show. Either an error message or an empty list.</returns>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentException">Thrown if <paramref name="errorMessage"/> and <paramref name="exception"/> are both filled with their default values.</exception>
+    internal static ListItem OnError(bool isFallbackSearch, string queryInput, string errorMessage, Exception exception = default)
+    {
+        string userMessage;
+
+        if (errorMessage != default)
+        {
+            Logger.LogError($"Failed to calculate <{queryInput}>: {errorMessage}");
+            userMessage = errorMessage;
+        }
+        else if (exception != default)
+        {
+            Logger.LogError($"Exception when query for <{queryInput}>", exception);
+            userMessage = exception.Message;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentException("The arguments error and exception have default values. One of them has to be filled with valid error data (error message/exception)!");
+        }
+
+        return isFallbackSearch ? null : CreateErrorResult(userMessage);
+    }
+
+    private static ListItem CreateErrorResult(string errorMessage)
+    {
+        return new ListItem(new NoOpCommand())
+        {
+            Title = Properties.Resources.calculator_calculation_failed_title,
+            Subtitle = errorMessage,
+            Icon = CalculatorIcons.ErrorIcon,
+        };
+    }
+}

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Helper/NumberTranslator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
+// The Microsoft Corporation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+
+namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Helper;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Tries to convert all numbers in a text from one culture format to another.
+/// </summary>
+public class NumberTranslator
+{
+    private readonly CultureInfo sourceCulture;
+    private readonly CultureInfo targetCulture;
+    private readonly Regex splitRegexForSource;
+    private readonly Regex splitRegexForTarget;
+
+    private NumberTranslator(CultureInfo sourceCulture, CultureInfo targetCulture)
+    {
+        this.sourceCulture = sourceCulture;
+        this.targetCulture = targetCulture;
+
+        splitRegexForSource = GetSplitRegex(this.sourceCulture);
+        splitRegexForTarget = GetSplitRegex(this.targetCulture);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Create a new <see cref="NumberTranslator"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="sourceCulture">source culture</param>
+    /// <param name="targetCulture">target culture</param>
+    /// <returns>Number translator for target culture</returns>
+    public static NumberTranslator Create(CultureInfo sourceCulture, CultureInfo targetCulture)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(sourceCulture);
+
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(targetCulture);
+
+        return new NumberTranslator(sourceCulture, targetCulture);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Translate from source to target culture.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="input">input string to translate</param>
+    /// <returns>translated string</returns>
+    public string Translate(string input)
+    {
+        return Translate(input, sourceCulture, targetCulture, splitRegexForSource);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Translate from target to source culture.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="input">input string to translate back to source culture</param>
+    /// <returns>source culture string</returns>
+    public string TranslateBack(string input)
+    {
+        return Translate(input, targetCulture, sourceCulture, splitRegexForTarget);
+    }
+
+    private static string Translate(string input, CultureInfo cultureFrom, CultureInfo cultureTo, Regex splitRegex)
+    {
+        var outputBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+        var hexRegex = new Regex(@"(?:(0x[\da-fA-F]+))");
+
+        var hexTokens = hexRegex.Split(input);
+
+        foreach (var hexToken in hexTokens)
+        {
+            if (hexToken.StartsWith("0x", StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                // Mages engine has issues processing large hex number (larger than 7 hex digits + 0x prefix = 9 characters). So we convert it to decimal and pass it to the engine.
+                if (hexToken.Length > 9)
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        var num = Convert.ToInt64(hexToken, 16);
+                        var numStr = num.ToString(cultureFrom);
+                        outputBuilder.Append(numStr);
+                    }
+                    catch (Exception)
+                    {
+                        outputBuilder.Append(hexToken);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    outputBuilder.Append(hexToken);
+                }
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            var tokens = splitRegex.Split(hexToken);
+            foreach (var token in tokens)
+            {
+                var leadingZeroCount = 0;
+
+                // Count leading zero characters.
+                foreach (var c in token)
+                {
+                    if (c != '0')
+                    {
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    leadingZeroCount++;
+                }
+
+                // number is all zero characters. no need to add zero characters at the end.
+                if (token.Length == leadingZeroCount)
+                {
+                    leadingZeroCount = 0;
+                }
+
+                decimal number;
+
+                outputBuilder.Append(
+                    decimal.TryParse(token, NumberStyles.Number, cultureFrom, out number)
+                    ? (new string('0', leadingZeroCount) + number.ToString(cultureTo))
+                    : token.Replace(cultureFrom.TextInfo.ListSeparator, cultureTo.TextInfo.ListSeparator));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return outputBuilder.ToString();
+    }
+
+    private static Regex GetSplitRegex(CultureInfo culture)
+    {
+        var splitPattern = $"((?:\\d|{Regex.Escape(culture.NumberFormat.NumberDecimalSeparator)}";
+        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(culture.NumberFormat.NumberGroupSeparator))
+        {
+            splitPattern += $"|{Regex.Escape(culture.NumberFormat.NumberGroupSeparator)}";
+        }
+
+        splitPattern += ")+)";
+        return new Regex(splitPattern);
+    }
+}

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Helper/QueryHelper.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
+// The Microsoft Corporation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.CommandPalette.Extensions.Toolkit;
+using Windows.Foundation;
+
+namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Helper;
+
+public static partial class QueryHelper
+{
+    public static ListItem Query(string query, SettingsManager settings, bool isFallbackSearch, TypedEventHandler<object, object> handleSave = null)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(query);
+        if (!isFallbackSearch)
+        {
+            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(handleSave);
+        }
+
+        CultureInfo inputCulture = settings.InputUseEnglishFormat ? new CultureInfo("en-us") : CultureInfo.CurrentCulture;
+        CultureInfo outputCulture = settings.OutputUseEnglishFormat ? new CultureInfo("en-us") : CultureInfo.CurrentCulture;
+
+        // Happens if the user has only typed the action key so far
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(query))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        NumberTranslator translator = NumberTranslator.Create(inputCulture, new CultureInfo("en-US"));
+        var input = translator.Translate(query.Normalize(NormalizationForm.FormKC));
+
+        if (!CalculateHelper.InputValid(input))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            // Using CurrentUICulture since this is user facing
+            var result = CalculateEngine.Interpret(settings, input, outputCulture, out var errorMessage);
+
+            // This could happen for some incorrect queries, like pi(2)
+            if (result.Equals(default(CalculateResult)))
+            {
+                // If errorMessage is not default then do error handling
+                return errorMessage == default ? null : ErrorHandler.OnError(isFallbackSearch, query, errorMessage);
+            }
+
+            if (isFallbackSearch)
+            {
+                // Fallback search
+                return ResultHelper.CreateResult(result.RoundedResult, inputCulture, outputCulture, query);
+            }
+
+            return ResultHelper.CreateResult(result.RoundedResult, inputCulture, outputCulture, query, handleSave);
+        }
+        catch (Mages.Core.ParseException)
+        {
+            // Invalid input
+            return ErrorHandler.OnError(isFallbackSearch, query, Properties.Resources.calculator_expression_not_complete);
+        }
+        catch (OverflowException)
+        {
+            // Result to big to convert to decimal
+            return ErrorHandler.OnError(isFallbackSearch, query, Properties.Resources.calculator_not_covert_to_decimal);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            // Any other crash occurred
+            // We want to keep the process alive if any the mages library throws any exceptions.
+            return ErrorHandler.OnError(isFallbackSearch, query, default, e);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Helper/ResultHelper.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
+// The Microsoft Corporation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using ManagedCommon;
+using Microsoft.CommandPalette.Extensions.Toolkit;
+using Windows.Foundation;
+
+namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Helper;
+
+public static class ResultHelper
+{
+    public static ListItem CreateResult(decimal? roundedResult, CultureInfo inputCulture, CultureInfo outputCulture, string query, TypedEventHandler<object, object> handleSave)
+    {
+        // Return null when the expression is not a valid calculator query.
+        if (roundedResult == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        var result = roundedResult?.ToString(outputCulture);
+
+        // Create a SaveCommand and subscribe to the SaveRequested event
+        // This can append the result to the history list.
+        var saveCommand = new SaveCommand(result);
+        saveCommand.SaveRequested += handleSave;
+
+        var copyCommandItem = CreateResult(roundedResult, inputCulture, outputCulture, query);
+
+        return new ListItem(saveCommand)
+        {
+            // Using CurrentCulture since this is user facing
+            Icon = CalculatorIcons.ResultIcon,
+            Title = result,
+            Subtitle = query,
+            TextToSuggest = result,
+            MoreCommands = [
+                new CommandContextItem(copyCommandItem.Command)
+                {
+                    Icon = copyCommandItem.Icon,
+                    Title = copyCommandItem.Title,
+                    Subtitle = copyCommandItem.Subtitle,
+                },
+                ..copyCommandItem.MoreCommands,
+            ],
+        };
+    }
+
+    public static ListItem CreateResult(decimal? roundedResult, CultureInfo inputCulture, CultureInfo outputCulture, string query)
+    {
+        // Return null when the expression is not a valid calculator query.
+        if (roundedResult == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        var decimalResult = roundedResult?.ToString(outputCulture);
+
+        List<CommandContextItem> context = [];
+
+        if (decimal.IsInteger((decimal)roundedResult))
+        {
+            var i = decimal.ToInt64((decimal)roundedResult);
+            try
+            {
+                var hexResult = "0x" + i.ToString("X", outputCulture);
+                context.Add(new CommandContextItem(new CopyTextCommand(hexResult) { Name = Properties.Resources.calculator_copy_hex })
+                {
+                    Title = hexResult,
+                });
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Logger.LogError("Error parsing hex format", ex);
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                var binaryResult = "0b" + i.ToString("B", outputCulture);
+                context.Add(new CommandContextItem(new CopyTextCommand(binaryResult) { Name = Properties.Resources.calculator_copy_binary })
+                {
+                    Title = binaryResult,
+                });
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Logger.LogError("Error parsing binary format", ex);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new ListItem(new CopyTextCommand(decimalResult))
+        {
+            // Using CurrentCulture since this is user facing
+            Title = decimalResult,
+            Subtitle = query,
+            TextToSuggest = decimalResult,
+            MoreCommands = context.ToArray(),
+        };
+    }
+}

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Helper/SaveCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
+// The Microsoft Corporation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Properties;
+using Microsoft.CommandPalette.Extensions;
+using Microsoft.CommandPalette.Extensions.Toolkit;
+using Windows.Foundation;
+
+namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Helper;
+
+public sealed partial class SaveCommand : InvokableCommand
+{
+    private readonly string _result;
+
+    public event TypedEventHandler<object, object> SaveRequested;
+
+    public SaveCommand(string result)
+    {
+        Name = Resources.calculator_save_command_name;
+        Icon = CalculatorIcons.SaveIcon;
+        _result = result;
+    }
+
+    public override ICommandResult Invoke()
+    {
+        SaveRequested?.Invoke(this, this);
+        ClipboardHelper.SetText(_result);
+        return CommandResult.KeepOpen();
+    }
+}

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Helper/SettingsManager.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
+// The Microsoft Corporation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using Microsoft.CommandPalette.Extensions.Toolkit;
+
+namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Helper;
+
+public class SettingsManager : JsonSettingsManager
+{
+    private static readonly string _namespace = "calculator";
+
+    private static string Namespaced(string propertyName) => $"{_namespace}.{propertyName}";
+
+    private static readonly List<ChoiceSetSetting.Choice> _trigUnitChoices = new()
+    {
+        new ChoiceSetSetting.Choice(Properties.Resources.calculator_settings_trig_unit_radians, "0"),
+        new ChoiceSetSetting.Choice(Properties.Resources.calculator_settings_trig_unit_degrees, "1"),
+        new ChoiceSetSetting.Choice(Properties.Resources.calculator_settings_trig_unit_gradians, "2"),
+    };
+
+    private readonly ChoiceSetSetting _trigUnit = new(
+        Namespaced(nameof(TrigUnit)),
+        Properties.Resources.calculator_settings_trig_unit_mode,
+        Properties.Resources.calculator_settings_trig_unit_mode_description,
+        _trigUnitChoices);
+
+    private readonly ToggleSetting _inputUseEnNumberFormat = new(
+        Namespaced(nameof(InputUseEnglishFormat)),
+        Properties.Resources.calculator_settings_in_en_format,
+        Properties.Resources.calculator_settings_in_en_format_description,
+        false);
+
+    private readonly ToggleSetting _outputUseEnNumberFormat = new(
+        Namespaced(nameof(OutputUseEnglishFormat)),
+        Properties.Resources.calculator_settings_out_en_format,
+        Properties.Resources.calculator_settings_out_en_format_description,
+        false);
+
+    public CalculateEngine.TrigMode TrigUnit
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            if (_trigUnit.Value == null || string.IsNullOrEmpty(_trigUnit.Value))
+            {
+                return CalculateEngine.TrigMode.Radians;
+            }
+
+            var success = int.TryParse(_trigUnit.Value, out var result);
+
+            if (!success)
+            {
+                return CalculateEngine.TrigMode.Radians;
+            }
+
+            switch (result)
+            {
+                case 0:
+                    return CalculateEngine.TrigMode.Radians;
+                case 1:
+                    return CalculateEngine.TrigMode.Degrees;
+                case 2:
+                    return CalculateEngine.TrigMode.Gradians;
+                default:
+                    return CalculateEngine.TrigMode.Radians;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public bool InputUseEnglishFormat => _inputUseEnNumberFormat.Value;
+
+    public bool OutputUseEnglishFormat => _outputUseEnNumberFormat.Value;
+
+    internal static string SettingsJsonPath()
+    {
+        var directory = Utilities.BaseSettingsPath("Microsoft.CmdPal");
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
+
+        // now, the state is just next to the exe
+        return Path.Combine(directory, "settings.json");
+    }
+
+    public SettingsManager()
+    {
+        FilePath = SettingsJsonPath();
+
+        Settings.Add(_trigUnit);
+        Settings.Add(_inputUseEnNumberFormat);
+        Settings.Add(_outputUseEnNumberFormat);
+
+        // Load settings from file upon initialization
+        LoadSettings();
+
+        Settings.SettingsChanged += (s, a) => this.SaveSettings();
+    }
+}

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.csproj

@@ -9,9 +9,14 @@
     <ProjectPriFileName>Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.pri</ProjectPriFileName>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\..\..\..\common\ManagedCommon\ManagedCommon.csproj" />
     <ProjectReference Include="..\..\extensionsdk\Microsoft.CommandPalette.Extensions.Toolkit\Microsoft.CommandPalette.Extensions.Toolkit.csproj" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="Mages" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
   <ItemGroup>
     <Compile Update="Properties\Resources.Designer.cs">
       <DependentUpon>Resources.resx</DependentUpon>

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Pages/CalculatorListPage.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
+// The Microsoft Corporation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Threading;
+using Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Helper;
+using Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Properties;
+using Microsoft.CommandPalette.Extensions;
+using Microsoft.CommandPalette.Extensions.Toolkit;
+
+namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Pages;
+
+// The calculator page is a dynamic list page
+// * The first command is where we display the results. Title=result, Subtitle=query
+//   - The default command is `SaveCommand`.
+//     - When you save, insert into list at spot 1
+//     - change SearchText to the result
+//   - MoreCommands: a single `CopyCommand` to copy the result to the clipboard
+// * The rest of the items are previously saved results
+//   - Command is a CopyCommand
+//   - Each item also sets the TextToSuggest to the result
+public sealed partial class CalculatorListPage : DynamicListPage
+{
+    private readonly Lock _resultsLock = new();
+    private readonly SettingsManager _settingsManager;
+    private readonly List<ListItem> _items = [];
+    private readonly List<ListItem> history = [];
+    private readonly ListItem _emptyItem;
+
+    // This is the text that saved when the user click the result.
+    // We need to avoid the double calculation. This may cause some wierd behaviors.
+    private string skipQuerySearchText = string.Empty;
+
+    public CalculatorListPage(SettingsManager settings)
+    {
+        _settingsManager = settings;
+        Icon = CalculatorIcons.ProviderIcon;
+        Name = Resources.calculator_title;
+        PlaceholderText = Resources.calculator_placeholder_text;
+        Id = "com.microsoft.cmdpal.calculator";
+
+        _emptyItem = new ListItem(new NoOpCommand())
+        {
+            Title = Resources.calculator_placeholder_text,
+            Icon = CalculatorIcons.ResultIcon,
+        };
+        EmptyContent = new CommandItem(new NoOpCommand())
+        {
+            Icon = CalculatorIcons.ProviderIcon,
+            Title = Resources.calculator_placeholder_text,
+        };
+
+        UpdateSearchText(string.Empty, string.Empty);
+    }
+
+    public override void UpdateSearchText(string oldSearch, string newSearch)
+    {
+        if (oldSearch == newSearch)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(skipQuerySearchText) && newSearch == skipQuerySearchText)
+        {
+            // only skip once.
+            skipQuerySearchText = string.Empty;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        skipQuerySearchText = string.Empty;
+
+        _emptyItem.Subtitle = newSearch;
+
+        var result = QueryHelper.Query(newSearch, _settingsManager, false, HandleSave);
+        UpdateResult(result);
+    }
+
+    private void UpdateResult(ListItem result)
+    {
+        lock (_resultsLock)
+        {
+            this._items.Clear();
+
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                this._items.Add(result);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _items.Add(_emptyItem);
+            }
+
+            this._items.AddRange(history);
+        }
+
+        RaiseItemsChanged(this._items.Count);
+    }
+
+    private void HandleSave(object sender, object args)
+    {
+        var lastResult = _items[0].Title;
+        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(lastResult))
+        {
+            var li = new ListItem(new CopyTextCommand(lastResult))
+            {
+                Title = _items[0].Title,
+                Subtitle = _items[0].Subtitle,
+                TextToSuggest = lastResult,
+            };
+
+            history.Insert(0, li);
+            _items.Insert(1, li);
+
+            // Why we need to clean the query record? Removed, but if necessary, please move it back.
+            // _items[0].Subtitle = string.Empty;
+
+            // this change will call the UpdateSearchText again.
+            // We need to avoid it.
+            skipQuerySearchText = lastResult;
+            SearchText = lastResult;
+            this.RaiseItemsChanged(this._items.Count);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public override IListItem[] GetItems() => _items.ToArray();
+}

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Pages/FallbackCalculatorItem.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
+// The Microsoft Corporation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
+// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
+
+using Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Helper;
+using Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Properties;
+using Microsoft.CommandPalette.Extensions.Toolkit;
+
+namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Pages;
+
+public sealed partial class FallbackCalculatorItem : FallbackCommandItem
+{
+    private readonly CopyTextCommand _copyCommand = new(string.Empty);
+    private readonly SettingsManager _settings;
+
+    public FallbackCalculatorItem(SettingsManager settings)
+        : base(new NoOpCommand(), Resources.calculator_title)
+    {
+        Command = _copyCommand;
+        _copyCommand.Name = string.Empty;
+        Title = string.Empty;
+        Subtitle = Resources.calculator_placeholder_text;
+        Icon = CalculatorIcons.ProviderIcon;
+        _settings = settings;
+    }
+
+    public override void UpdateQuery(string query)
+    {
+        var result = QueryHelper.Query(query, _settings, true, null);
+
+        if (result == null)
+        {
+            _copyCommand.Text = string.Empty;
+            _copyCommand.Name = string.Empty;
+            Title = string.Empty;
+            Subtitle = string.Empty;
+            MoreCommands = [];
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _copyCommand.Text = result.Title;
+        _copyCommand.Name = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(query) ? string.Empty : Resources.calculator_copy_command_name;
+        Title = result.Title;
+
+        // we have to make the subtitle the equation,
+        // so that we will still string match the original query
+        // Otherwise, something like 1+2 will have a title of "3" and not match
+        Subtitle = query;
+
+        MoreCommands = result.MoreCommands;
+    }
+}

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Properties/Resources.Designer.cs

@@ -60,6 +60,24 @@ namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Properties {
             }
         }
         
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Failed to calculate the input.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_calculation_failed_title {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_calculation_failed_title", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Copy binary.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_copy_binary {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_copy_binary", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
         /// <summary>
         ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Copy.
         /// </summary>
@@ -69,6 +87,15 @@ namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Properties {
             }
         }
         
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Copy hexadecimal.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_copy_hex {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_copy_hex", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
         /// <summary>
         ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Calculator.
         /// </summary>
@@ -78,6 +105,24 @@ namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Properties {
             }
         }
         
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Expression contains division by zero.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_division_by_zero {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_division_by_zero", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Unsupported use of square brackets.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_double_array_returned {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_double_array_returned", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
         /// <summary>
         ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Error: {0}.
         /// </summary>
@@ -87,6 +132,33 @@ namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Properties {
             }
         }
         
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Expression wrong or incomplete.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_expression_not_complete {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_expression_not_complete", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Calculation result is not a valid number (NaN).
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_not_a_number {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_not_a_number", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Result value was either too large or too small for a decimal number.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_not_covert_to_decimal {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_not_covert_to_decimal", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
         /// <summary>
         ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Type an equation....
         /// </summary>
@@ -105,6 +177,105 @@ namespace Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc.Properties {
             }
         }
         
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Use English (United States) number format for input.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_settings_in_en_format {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_settings_in_en_format", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Ignores your system setting and expects numbers in the format &apos;{0}&apos;..
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_settings_in_en_format_description {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_settings_in_en_format_description", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Use English (United States) number format for output.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_settings_out_en_format {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_settings_out_en_format", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Ignores your system setting and returns numbers in the format &apos;{0}&apos;..
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_settings_out_en_format_description {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_settings_out_en_format_description", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Replace input if query ends with &apos;=&apos;.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_settings_replace_input {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_settings_replace_input", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to When using direct activation, appending &apos;=&apos; to the expression will replace the input with the calculated result (e.g. &apos;=5*3-2=&apos; will change the query to &apos;=13&apos;)..
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_settings_replace_input_description {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_settings_replace_input_description", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Degrees.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_settings_trig_unit_degrees {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_settings_trig_unit_degrees", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Gradians.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_settings_trig_unit_gradians {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_settings_trig_unit_gradians", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Trigonometry Unit.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_settings_trig_unit_mode {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_settings_trig_unit_mode", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Specifies the angle unit to use for trigonometry operations.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_settings_trig_unit_mode_description {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_settings_trig_unit_mode_description", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Radians.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string calculator_settings_trig_unit_radians {
+            get {
+                return ResourceManager.GetString("calculator_settings_trig_unit_radians", resourceCulture);
+            }
+        }
+        
         /// <summary>
         ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Calculator.
         /// </summary>

src/modules/cmdpal/ext/Microsoft.CmdPal.Ext.Calc/Properties/Resources.resx

@@ -140,4 +140,63 @@
   <data name="calculator_copy_command_name" xml:space="preserve">
     <value>Copy</value>
   </data>
+  <data name="calculator_calculation_failed_title" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Failed to calculate the input</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_division_by_zero" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Expression contains division by zero</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_expression_not_complete" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Expression wrong or incomplete</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_not_a_number" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Calculation result is not a valid number (NaN)</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_double_array_returned" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Unsupported use of square brackets</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_settings_trig_unit_gradians" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Gradians</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_settings_trig_unit_degrees" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Degrees</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_settings_trig_unit_radians" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Radians</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_settings_trig_unit_mode" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Trigonometry Unit</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_settings_trig_unit_mode_description" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Specifies the angle unit to use for trigonometry operations</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_settings_out_en_format" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Use English (United States) number format for output</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_settings_out_en_format_description" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Ignores your system setting and returns numbers in the format '{0}'.</value>
+    <comment>{0} is a placeholder and will be replaced in code.</comment>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_settings_in_en_format" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Use English (United States) number format for input</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_settings_in_en_format_description" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Ignores your system setting and expects numbers in the format '{0}'.</value>
+    <comment>{0} is a placeholder and will be replaced in code.</comment>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_settings_replace_input" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Replace input if query ends with '='</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_settings_replace_input_description" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>When using direct activation, appending '=' to the expression will replace the input with the calculated result (e.g. '=5*3-2=' will change the query to '=13').</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_not_covert_to_decimal" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Result value was either too large or too small for a decimal number</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_copy_hex" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Copy hexadecimal</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="calculator_copy_binary" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>Copy binary</value>
+  </data>
 </root>