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doc/draft/draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt → doc/draft/draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-05.txt
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@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
Network Working Group D. Atkins Network Working Group D. Atkins
draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt IHTFP Consulting draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-05.txt IHTFP Consulting
R. Austein R. Austein
Grunchweather Associates Grunchweather Associates
October 2003 November 2003
Threat Analysis Of The Domain Name System Threat Analysis Of The Domain Name System
@ -55,9 +54,9 @@ Abstract
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draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt October 2003 draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-05.txt November 2003
1. Introduction 1. Introduction
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For purposes of discussion, this note uses the term "DNSSEC" to refer For purposes of discussion, this note uses the term "DNSSEC" to refer
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and would not provide any sort of end-to-end integrity check between and would not provide any sort of end-to-end integrity check between
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whether because the victim rebooted recently, or because the victim's whether because the victim rebooted recently, or because the victim's
@ -279,9 +278,9 @@ draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt October 2003
Atkins & Austein Expires 30 April 2004 [Page 5] Atkins & Austein Expires 26 May 2004 [Page 5]
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- Attacker's response includes one or more RRs with DNS names in - Attacker's response includes one or more RRs with DNS names in
@ -295,12 +294,21 @@ draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt October 2003
section of a response where they will have a better chance of section of a response where they will have a better chance of
sneaking past a resolver's defenses). sneaking past a resolver's defenses).
The common thread in all of these attacks is that response messages Any attacker who can insert resource records into a victim's cache
allow the attacker to introduce arbitrary DNS names of the attacker's can almost certainly do some kind of damage, so there are cache
choosing and provide further information that the attacker claims is poisoning attacks which are not name-based attacks in the sense
associated with those names; unless the victim has better knowledge discussed here. However, in the case of name-based attacks, the
of the data associated with those names, the victim is going to have cause and effect relationship between the initial attack and the
a hard time defending against this class of attacks. eventual result may be significantly more complex than in the other
forms of cache poisoning, so name-based attacks merit special
attention.
The common thread in all of the name-based attacks is that response
messages allow the attacker to introduce arbitrary DNS names of the
attacker's choosing and provide further information that the attacker
claims is associated with those names; unless the victim has better
knowledge of the data associated with those names, the victim is
going to have a hard time defending against this class of attacks.
This class of attack is particularly insidious given that it's quite This class of attack is particularly insidious given that it's quite
easy for an attacker to provoke a victim into querying for a easy for an attacker to provoke a victim into querying for a
@ -321,25 +329,24 @@ draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt October 2003
with a public key of which the resolver has prior knowledge). with a public key of which the resolver has prior knowledge).
DNSSEC signatures do not cover glue records, so there's still a DNSSEC signatures do not cover glue records, so there's still a
possibility of a name-based attack involving glue, but it should be possibility of a name-based attack involving glue, but with DNSSEC it
possible to detect the attack by temporarily accepting the glue in is possible to detect the attack by temporarily accepting the glue in
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order to fetch the signed authoritative version of the same data, order to fetch the signed authoritative version of the same data,
then checking the signatures on the authoritative version. then checking the signatures on the authoritative version.
2.4. Betrayal By Trusted Server 2.4. Betrayal By Trusted Server
Another variation on the packet interception attack is the trusted Another variation on the packet interception attack is the trusted
server that turns out not to be so trustworthy, whether by accident server that turns out not to be so trustworthy, whether by accident
or by intent. Many client machines are only configured with stub or by intent. Many client machines are only configured with stub
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resolvers, and use trusted servers to perform all of their DNS resolvers, and use trusted servers to perform all of their DNS
queries on their behalf. In many cases the trusted server is queries on their behalf. In many cases the trusted server is
furnished by the user's ISP and advertised to the client via DHCP or furnished by the user's ISP and advertised to the client via DHCP or
@ -380,6 +387,14 @@ draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt October 2003
is help a resolver protect its communication with a name server that is help a resolver protect its communication with a name server that
it has already decided to trust for other reasons. Protecting a it has already decided to trust for other reasons. Protecting a
resolver's communication with a server that's giving out bogus resolver's communication with a server that's giving out bogus
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answers is not particularly useful. answers is not particularly useful.
Also note that if the stub resolver does not trust the name server Also note that if the stub resolver does not trust the name server
@ -389,13 +404,6 @@ draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt October 2003
(usually the public key for the root zone, but in some cases (usually the public key for the root zone, but in some cases
knowledge of additional keys may also be appropriate). knowledge of additional keys may also be appropriate).
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It is difficult to escape the conclusion that a properly paranoid It is difficult to escape the conclusion that a properly paranoid
resolver must always perform its own signature checking, and that resolver must always perform its own signature checking, and that
this rule even applies to stub resolvers. this rule even applies to stub resolvers.
@ -435,6 +443,14 @@ draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt October 2003
required. required.
Note that it's necessary to prove the non-existance of applicable Note that it's necessary to prove the non-existance of applicable
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wildcard RRs as part of the authenticated denial mechanism, and that, wildcard RRs as part of the authenticated denial mechanism, and that,
in a zone that is more than one label deep, such a proof may require in a zone that is more than one label deep, such a proof may require
proving the non-existance of multiple discrete sets of wildcard RRs. proving the non-existance of multiple discrete sets of wildcard RRs.
@ -444,14 +460,6 @@ draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt October 2003
Much discussion has taken place over whether and how to provide data Much discussion has taken place over whether and how to provide data
integrity and data origin authentication for "wildcard" DNS names. integrity and data origin authentication for "wildcard" DNS names.
Conceptually, RRs with wildcard names are patterns for synthesizing Conceptually, RRs with wildcard names are patterns for synthesizing
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RRs on the fly according to the matching rules described in section RRs on the fly according to the matching rules described in section
4.3.2 of RFC 1034. While the rules that control the behavior of 4.3.2 of RFC 1034. While the rules that control the behavior of
wildcard names have a few quirks that can make them a trap for the wildcard names have a few quirks that can make them a trap for the
@ -491,6 +499,14 @@ draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt October 2003
effective as denial of service amplifiers. effective as denial of service amplifiers.
- DNSSEC answer validation increases the resolver's work load, since - DNSSEC answer validation increases the resolver's work load, since
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a DNSSEC-aware resolver will need to perform signature validation a DNSSEC-aware resolver will need to perform signature validation
and in some cases will also need to issue further queries. This and in some cases will also need to issue further queries. This
increased workload will also increase the time it takes to get an increased workload will also increase the time it takes to get an
@ -500,14 +516,6 @@ draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt October 2003
delays that DNSSEC will impose into account, but that's a separate delays that DNSSEC will impose into account, but that's a separate
topic for another document....) topic for another document....)
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- Like DNS itself, DNSSEC's trust model is almost totally - Like DNS itself, DNSSEC's trust model is almost totally
hierarchical. While DNSSEC does allow resolvers to have special hierarchical. While DNSSEC does allow resolvers to have special
additional knowledge of public keys beyond those for the root, in additional knowledge of public keys beyond those for the root, in
@ -547,6 +555,14 @@ draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt October 2003
giving up wildcards entirely is not practical due to widespread giving up wildcards entirely is not practical due to widespread
use, we are going to have to live with wildcards, and the question use, we are going to have to live with wildcards, and the question
just becomes one of whether or not the proposed optimizations would just becomes one of whether or not the proposed optimizations would
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make DNSSEC's wildcard proof mechanisms more or less fragile. make DNSSEC's wildcard proof mechanisms more or less fragile.
@ -555,15 +571,6 @@ draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt October 2003
This section lists a few subjects not covered above which probably This section lists a few subjects not covered above which probably
need additional study, additional mechanisms, or both. need additional study, additional mechanisms, or both.
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4.1. Interactions With Other Protocols 4.1. Interactions With Other Protocols
The above discussion has concentrated exclusively on attacks within The above discussion has concentrated exclusively on attacks within
@ -604,6 +611,14 @@ draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt October 2003
the above options, but in practice (a) would almost certainly be the above options, but in practice (a) would almost certainly be
extremely fragile, so (b) is the only workable mechanism. extremely fragile, so (b) is the only workable mechanism.
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There are other threats in terms of describing the policy of who can There are other threats in terms of describing the policy of who can
make what changes to which RRsets in the zone. The current access make what changes to which RRsets in the zone. The current access
control scheme in Secure Dynamic Update is fairly limited. There is control scheme in Secure Dynamic Update is fairly limited. There is
@ -612,14 +627,6 @@ draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-04.txt October 2003
access. For example, Alice may need to be able to add new nodes to access. For example, Alice may need to be able to add new nodes to
the zone or change existing nodes, but not remove them; Bob may need the zone or change existing nodes, but not remove them; Bob may need
to be able to remove zones but not add them; Carol may need to be to be able to remove zones but not add them; Carol may need to be
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able to add, remove, or modify nodes, but only A records. able to add, remove, or modify nodes, but only A records.
Scaling properties of the key management problem here are a Scaling properties of the key management problem here are a
@ -661,21 +668,17 @@ Security Considerations
The authors believe that deploying DNSSEC will help to address some, The authors believe that deploying DNSSEC will help to address some,
but not all, of the known threats to the DNS. but not all, of the known threats to the DNS.
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IANA Considerations IANA Considerations
None. None.
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgments
This note is based both previous published works by others and on a This note is based both previous published works by others and on a
@ -720,18 +723,18 @@ Normative References
[DNSSEC] Eastlake, D., "Domain Name System Security Extensions", RFC [DNSSEC] Eastlake, D., "Domain Name System Security Extensions", RFC
2535, March 1999. 2535, March 1999.
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Informative References Informative References
[SEC-CONS] Rescorla, E., Korver, B., and the Internet Architecture [SEC-CONS] Rescorla, E., Korver, B., and the Internet Architecture
Board, "Guidelines for Writing RFC Text on Security Board, "Guidelines for Writing RFC Text on Security
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Considerations", RFC 3552, July 2003. Considerations", RFC 3552, July 2003.
[Bellovin95] Bellovin, S., "Using the Domain Name System for System [Bellovin95] Bellovin, S., "Using the Domain Name System for System
@ -776,18 +779,18 @@ Intellectual Property Statement
claims of rights made available for publication and any assurances of claims of rights made available for publication and any assurances of
licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to
obtain a general license or permission for the use of such obtain a general license or permission for the use of such
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proprietary rights by implementors or users of this specification can proprietary rights by implementors or users of this specification can
be obtained from the IETF Secretariat. be obtained from the IETF Secretariat.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
Atkins & Austein Expires 30 April 2004 [Page 14]
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copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights which may cover technology that may be required to practice rights which may cover technology that may be required to practice
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF Executive this standard. Please address the information to the IETF Executive
@ -835,8 +838,5 @@ Acknowledgement
Atkins & Austein Expires 26 May 2004 [Page 15]
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