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DNSEXT Working Group Brian Wellington (Nominum)
INTERNET-DRAFT Olafur Gudmundsson (NAI Labs)
<draft-ietf-dnsext-ad-is-secure-00.txt> November 2000
Updates: RFC 2535
Redefinition of DNS AD bit
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as ``work in progress.''
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
Comments should be sent to the authors or the DNSEXT WG mailing list
namedroppers@ops.ietf.org
This draft expires on May 17, 2001.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000). All rights reserved.
Abstract
Based on implementation experience, the current definition of the AD
bit in the DNS header is not useful. This draft changes the
specification so that the AD bit is only set on answers where
signatures have been cryptographically verified.
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1 - Introduction
Familiarity with the DNS system [RFC1034, RFC1035] and DNS security
extensions [RFC2535] is helpful but not necessary.
As specified in RFC 2535 (section 6.1), the AD bit indicates in a
response that all the data included in the answer and authority
portion of the response has been authenticated by the server
according to the policies of that server. This is not especially
useful in practice, since a conformant server should never reply with
data that failed its security policy.
This draft proposes to redefine the AD bit such that it is only set
if all data in the response has been cryptographically verified.
Thus, a response containing properly delegated insecure data will not
have AD set, as will a response from a server configured without
DNSSEC keys. As before, data which failed to verify will not be
returned. An application can then use the value of the AD bit to
determine if the data is secure or not.
1.1 - Requirements
The key words "MUST NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", and "MAY" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119.
1.2 - Updated documents and sections
The definition of the AD bit in RFC2535, Section 6.1, is changed.
2 - Setting of AD bit
Section 6.1 of RFC2535 says:
"The AD bit MUST NOT be set on a response unless all of the RRs in
the answer and authority sections of the response are either
Authenticated or Insecure."
The changes are to delete the words "either" and "or Insecure" from
the sentence.
The replacement text reads:
"The AD bit MUST NOT be set on a response unless all of the RRsets in
the answer and authority sections of the response are Authenticated."
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If the answer section contains any data, the server MUST NOT include
data in the authority section that would cause the AD bit to be
unset.
The AD bit MUST NOT be set on a response unless all of the RRsets in
the answer and authority sections are Authenticated.
A resolver MUST NOT blindly trust the AD bit unless it communicates
with the server over secure transport mechanism or using message
authentication such as TSIG[RFC2845] or SIG(0)[RFC2931], and the
resolver policy is that it can trust the server.
A DNS server following this modified specification will only set the
AD bit when it has verified the data in the answer. In the case of a
primary server for a secure zone, the data MAY be considered
Authenticated, depending on local policy. Secondary servers SHOULD
NOT consider data Authenticated unless the zone was transfered
securely or the data was verified.
3 - Interpretation of the AD bit
A response containing data marked Insecure in the answer or authority
section will never have the AD bit set. In this case, the resolver
SHOULD treat the data as Insecure whether or not SIG records are
present.
4 - Security Considerations:
This document redefines a bit in the DNS header. If a resolver
trusts the value of the AD bit, it must be sure that the server is
using the updated definition.
5 - IANA Considerations:
None
6 - Acknowledgments:
The following people have provided input on this document: Andreas
Gustafsson, Bob Halley, Steven Jacob,
References:
[RFC1035] P. Mockapetris, ``Domain Names - Implementation and
Specification'', STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
[RFC2535] D. Eastlake, ``Domain Name System Security Extensions'', RFC
2535, March 1999.
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[RFC2845] P. Vixie, O. Gudmundsson, D. Eastlake, B. Wellington,
``Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG)'', RFC
2845, May 2000.
[RFC2931] D. Eastlake, ``DNS Request and Transaction Signatures
(SIG(0))'', RFC 2931, September 2000.
Authors Addresses
Brian Wellington Olafur Gudmundsson
Nominum Inc. NAI Labs
950 Charter Street 3060 Washington Road (Rt. 97)
Redwood City, CA, 94063 Glenwood, MD, 21738
USA USA
+1 650 381 6022 +1 443 259 2389
<Brian.Wellington@nominum.com> <ogud@tislabs.com>
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE."
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Network Working Group A. Gulbrandsen
Category: INTERNET-DRAFT Trolltech AS
Obsoletes: 2052 P. Vixie
draft-ietf-dnsext-rfc2782bis-00.txt Internet Software Consortium
November 16, 2000 L. Esibov
Expires: May 16, 2001 Microsoft Corp.
A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all
provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups
may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material
or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document describes a DNS RR which specifies the location of the
server(s) for a specific protocol and domain.
Overview and rationale
Currently, one must either know the exact address of a server to
contact it, or broadcast a question.
The SRV RR allows administrators to use several servers for a single
domain, to move services from host to host with little fuss, and to
designate some hosts as primary servers for a service and others as
backups.
Clients ask for a specific service/protocol for a specific domain
(the word domain is used here in the strict RFC 1034 sense), and get
back the names of any available servers.
Note that where this document refers to "address records", it means A
RR's, AAAA RR's, or their most modern equivalent.
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Definitions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT" and "MAY"
used in this document are to be interpreted as specified in [BCP 14].
Other terms used in this document are defined in the DNS
specification, RFC 1034.
Applicability Statement
In general, it is expected that SRV records will be used by clients
for applications where the relevant protocol specification indicates
that clients should use the SRV record. Such specification MUST
define the symbolic name to be used in the Service field of the SRV
record as described below. It also MUST include security
considerations. Service SRV records SHOULD NOT be used in the absence
of such specification.
Introductory example
If a SRV-cognizant LDAP client wants to discover a LDAP server that
supports TCP protocol and provides LDAP service for the domain
example.com., it does a lookup of
_ldap._tcp.example.com
as described in [ARM]. The example zone file near the end of this
memo contains answering RRs for an SRV query.
Note: LDAP is chosen as an example for illustrative purposes only,
and the LDAP examples used in this document should not be considered
a definitive statement on the recommended way for LDAP to use SRV
records. As described in the earlier applicability section, consult
the appropriate LDAP documents for the recommended procedures.
The format of the SRV RR
Here is the format of the SRV RR, whose DNS type code is 33:
_Service._Proto.Domain TTL Class SRV Priority Weight Port Target
(There is an example near the end of this document.)
Service
The symbolic name of the desired service, as defined in Assigned
Numbers [STD 2] or locally. An underscore (_) is prepended to
the service identifier to avoid collisions with DNS labels that
occur in nature.
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Some widely used services, notably POP, don't have a single
universal name. If Assigned Numbers names the service
indicated, that name is the only name which is legal for SRV
lookups. The Service is case insensitive.
Proto
The symbolic name of the desired protocol, with an underscore
(_) prepended to prevent collisions with DNS labels that occur
in nature. _TCP and _UDP are at present the most useful values
for this field, though any name defined by Assigned Numbers or
locally may be used (as for Service). The Proto is case
insensitive.
Domain
The domain this RR refers to. The SRV RR is unique in that the
name one searches for is not this Domain name; the example near
the end shows this clearly.
TTL
Standard DNS meaning [RFC 1035].
Class
Standard DNS meaning [RFC 1035]. SRV records occur in the IN
Class.
Priority
The priority of this target host. A client MUST attempt to
contact the target host with the lowest-numbered priority it can
reach; target hosts with the same priority SHOULD be tried in an
order defined by the weight field. The range is 0-65535. This
is a 16 bit unsigned integer in network byte order.
Weight
A server selection mechanism. The weight field specifies a
relative weight for entries with the same priority. Larger
weights SHOULD be given a proportionately higher probability of
being selected. The range of this number is 0-65535. This is a
16 bit unsigned integer in network byte order. Domain
administrators SHOULD use Weight 0 when there isn't any server
selection to do, to make the RR easier to read for humans (less
noisy). In the presence of records containing weights greater
than 0, records with weight 0 should have a very small chance of
being selected.
In the absence of a protocol whose specification calls for the
use of other weighting information, a client arranges the SRV
RRs of the same Priority in the order in which target hosts,
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specified by the SRV RRs, will be contacted. The following
algorithm SHOULD be used to order the SRV RRs of the same
priority:
To select a target to be contacted next, arrange all SRV RRs
(that have not been ordered yet) in any order, except that all
those with weight 0 are placed at the beginning of the list.
Compute the sum of the weights of those RRs, and with each RR
associate the running sum in the selected order. Then choose a
uniform random real number between 0 and the sum computed
(inclusive), and select the RR whose running sum value is the
first in the selected order which is greater than or equal to
the random number selected. The target host specified in the
selected SRV RR is the next one to be contacted by the client.
Remove this SRV RR from the set of the unordered SRV RRs and
apply the described algorithm to the unordered SRV RRs to select
the next target host. Continue the ordering process until there
are no unordered SRV RRs. This process is repeated for each
Priority.
Port
The port on this target host of this service. The range is 0-
65535. This is a 16 bit unsigned integer in network byte order.
This is often as specified in Assigned Numbers but need not be.
Target
The domain name of the target host. There MUST be one or more
address records for this name, the name MUST NOT be an alias (in
the sense of RFC 1034 or RFC 2181). Implementors are urged, but
not required, to return the address record(s) in the Additional
Data section. Unless and until permitted by future standards
action, name compression is not to be used for this field.
A Target of "." means that the service is decidedly not
available at this domain.
Domain administrator advice
Expecting everyone to update their client applications when the first
server publishes a SRV RR is futile (even if desirable). Therefore
SRV would have to coexist with address record lookups for existing
protocols, and DNS administrators should try to provide address
records to support old clients:
- Where the services for a single domain are spread over several
hosts, it seems advisable to have a list of address records at
the same DNS node as the SRV RR, listing reasonable (if perhaps
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suboptimal) fallback hosts for Telnet, NNTP and other protocols
likely to be used with this name. Note that some programs only
try the first address they get back from e.g. gethostbyname(),
and we don't know how widespread this behavior is.
- Where one service is provided by several hosts, one can either
provide address records for all the hosts (in which case the
round-robin mechanism, where available, will share the load
equally) or just for one (presumably the fastest).
- If a host is intended to provide a service only when the main
server(s) is/are down, it probably shouldn't be listed in
address records.
- Hosts that are referenced by backup address records must use the
port number specified in Assigned Numbers for the service.
- Designers of future protocols for which "secondary servers" is
not useful (or meaningful) may choose to not use SRV's support
for secondary servers. Clients for such protocols may use or
ignore SRV RRs with Priority higher than the RR with the lowest
Priority for a domain.
Currently there's a practical limit of 512 bytes for DNS replies.
Until all resolvers can handle larger responses, domain
administrators are strongly advised to keep their SRV replies below
512 bytes.
All round numbers, wrote Dr. Johnson, are false, and these numbers
are very round: A reply packet has a 30-byte overhead plus the name
of the service ("_ldap._tcp.example.com" for instance); each SRV RR
adds 20 bytes plus the name of the target host; each NS RR in the NS
section is 15 bytes plus the name of the name server host; and
finally each A RR in the additional data section is 20 bytes or so,
and there are A's for each SRV and NS RR mentioned in the answer.
This size estimate is extremely crude, but shouldn't underestimate
the actual answer size by much. If an answer may be close to the
limit, using a DNS query tool (e.g. "dig") to look at the actual
answer is a good idea.
The "Weight" field
Weight, the server selection field, is not quite satisfactory, but
the actual load on typical servers changes much too quickly to be
kept around in DNS caches. It seems to the authors that offering
administrators a way to say "this machine is three times as fast as
that one" is the best that can practically be done.
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The only way the authors can see of getting a "better" load figure is
asking a separate server when the client selects a server and
contacts it. For short-lived services an extra step in the
connection establishment seems too expensive, and for long-lived
services, the load figure may well be thrown off a minute after the
connection is established when someone else starts or finishes a
heavy job.
Note: There are currently various experiments at providing relative
network proximity estimation, available bandwidth estimation, and
similar services. Use of the SRV record with such facilities, and in
particular the interpretation of the Weight field when these
facilities are used, is for further study. Weight is only intended
for static, not dynamic, server selection. Using SRV weight for
dynamic server selection would require assigning unreasonably short
TTLs to the SRV RRs, which would limit the usefulness of the DNS
caching mechanism, thus increasing overall network load and
decreasing overall reliability. Server selection via SRV is only
intended to express static information such as "this server has a
faster CPU than that one" or "this server has a much better network
connection than that one".
The Port number
Currently, the translation from service name to port number happens
at the client, often using a file such as /etc/services.
Moving this information to the DNS makes it less necessary to update
these files on every single computer of the net every time a new
service is added, and makes it possible to move standard services out
of the "root-only" port range on unix.
Usage rules
A SRV-cognizant client SHOULD use this procedure to locate a list of
servers and connect to the preferred one:
Do a lookup for QNAME=_service._protocol.domain, QCLASS=IN,
QTYPE=SRV.
If the reply is NOERROR, ANCOUNT>0 and there is at least one
SRV RR which specifies the requested Service and Protocol in
the reply:
If there is precisely one SRV RR, and its Target is "."
(the root domain), abort.
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Else, for all such RR's, build a list of (Priority, Weight,
Target) tuples
Sort the list by priority (lowest number first)
Create a new empty list
For each distinct priority level
While there are still elements left at this priority
level
Select an element as specified above, in the
description of Weight in "The format of the SRV
RR" Section, and move it to the tail of the new
list
For each element in the new list
query the DNS for address records for the Target or
use any such records found in the Additional Data
section of the earlier SRV response.
for each address record found, try to connect to the
(protocol, address, service).
else
Do a lookup for QNAME=domain, QCLASS=IN, QTYPE=A
for each address record found, try to connect to the
(protocol, address, service)
Notes:
- Port numbers SHOULD NOT be used in place of the symbolic service
or protocol names (for the same reason why variant names cannot
be allowed: Applications would have to do two or more lookups).
- If a truncated response comes back from an SRV query, the rules
described in [RFC 2181] shall apply.
- A client MUST parse all of the RR's in the reply.
- If the Additional Data section doesn't contain address records
for all the SRV RR's and the client may want to connect to the
target host(s) involved, the client MUST look up the address
record(s). (This happens quite often when the address record
has shorter TTL than the SRV or NS RR's.)
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- Future protocols could be designed to use SRV RR lookups as the
means by which clients locate their servers.
Fictional example
This example uses fictional service "foobar" as an aid in
understanding SRV records. If ever service "foobar" is implemented,
it is not intended that it will necessarily use SRV records. This is
(part of) the zone file for example.com, a still-unused domain:
$ORIGIN example.com.
@ SOA server.example.com. root.example.com. (
1995032001 3600 3600 604800 86400 )
NS server.example.com.
NS ns1.ip-provider.net.
NS ns2.ip-provider.net.
; foobar - use old-slow-box or new-fast-box if either is
; available, make three quarters of the logins go to
; new-fast-box.
_foobar._tcp SRV 0 1 9 old-slow-box.example.com.
SRV 0 3 9 new-fast-box.example.com.
; if neither old-slow-box or new-fast-box is up, switch to
; using the sysdmin's box and the server
SRV 1 0 9 sysadmins-box.example.com.
SRV 1 0 9 server.example.com.
server A 172.30.79.10
old-slow-box A 172.30.79.11
sysadmins-box A 172.30.79.12
new-fast-box A 172.30.79.13
; NO other services are supported
*._tcp SRV 0 0 0 .
*._udp SRV 0 0 0 .
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In this example, a client of the "foobar" service in the
"example.com." domain needs an SRV lookup of
"_foobar._tcp.example.com." and possibly A lookups of "new-fast-
box.example.com." and/or the other hosts named. The size of the SRV
reply is approximately 365 bytes:
30 bytes general overhead
20 bytes for the query string, "_foobar._tcp.example.com."
130 bytes for 4 SRV RR's, 20 bytes each plus the lengths of "new-
fast-box", "old-slow-box", "server" and "sysadmins-box" -
"example.com" in the query section is quoted here and doesn't
need to be counted again.
75 bytes for 3 NS RRs, 15 bytes each plus the lengths of "server",
"ns1.ip-provider.net." and "ns2" - again, "ip-provider.net." is
quoted and only needs to be counted once.
120 bytes for the 6 address records (assuming IPv4 only) mentioned
by the SRV and NS RR's.
IANA Considerations
The IANA has assigned RR type value 33 to the SRV RR. No other IANA
services are required by this document.
Changes from RFC 2052
This document obsoletes RFC 2052. The major change from that
previous, experimental, version of this specification is that now the
protocol and service labels are prepended with an underscore, to
lower the probability of an accidental clash with a similar name used
for unrelated purposes. Aside from that, changes are only intended
to increase the clarity and completeness of the document. This
document especially clarifies the use of the Weight field of the SRV
records.
Security Considerations
The authors believe this RR to not cause any new security problems.
Some problems become more visible, though.
- The ability to specify ports on a fine-grained basis obviously
changes how a router can filter packets. It becomes impossible
to block internal clients from accessing specific external
services, slightly harder to block internal users from running
unauthorized services, and more important for the router
operations and DNS operations personnel to cooperate.
- There is no way a site can keep its hosts from being referenced
as servers. This could lead to denial of service.
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- With SRV, DNS spoofers can supply false port numbers, as well as
host names and addresses. Because this vulnerability exists
already, with names and addresses, this is not a new
vulnerability, merely a slightly extended one, with little
practical effect.
References
STD 2: Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC
1700, October 1994.
RFC 1034: Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.
RFC 1035: Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - Implementation and
Specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
RFC 974: Partridge, C., "Mail routing and the domain system", STD
14, RFC 974, January 1986.
BCP 14: Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
RFC 2181: Elz, R. and R. Bush, "Clarifications to the DNS
Specification", RFC 2181, July 1997.
RFC 2219: Hamilton, M. and R. Wright, "Use of DNS Aliases for Network
Services", BCP 17, RFC 2219, October 1997.
BCP 14: Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
ARM: Armijo, M., Esibov, L. and P. Leach, "Discovering LDAP
Services with DNS", Work in Progress.
KDC-DNS: Hornstein, K. and J. Altman, "Distributing Kerberos KDC and
Realm Information with DNS", Work in Progress.
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Acknowledgements
The algorithm used to select from the weighted SRV RRs of equal
priority is adapted from one supplied by Dan Bernstein.
Authors' Addresses
Arnt Gulbrandsen
Trolltech AS
Waldemar Thranes gate 98
N-0175 Oslo, Norway
Fax: +47 21604800
Phone: +47 21604801
EMail: arnt@trolltech.com
Paul Vixie
Internet Software Consortium
950 Charter Street
Redwood City, CA 94063
Phone: +1 650 779 7001
Levon Esibov
Microsoft Corporation
One Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052
EMail: levone@microsoft.com
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Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Expires May 16, 2001 [Page 12]