diff --git a/lib/db-ctl-base.c b/lib/db-ctl-base.c
index 3923683fd..707456158 100644
--- a/lib/db-ctl-base.c
+++ b/lib/db-ctl-base.c
@@ -247,15 +247,15 @@ record_id_equals(const union ovsdb_atom *name, enum ovsdb_atomic_type type,
                  const char *record_id)
 {
     if (type == OVSDB_TYPE_STRING) {
-        if (!strcmp(name->string, record_id)) {
+        if (!strcmp(name->s->string, record_id)) {
             return true;
         }
 
         struct uuid uuid;
         size_t len = strlen(record_id);
         if (len >= 4
-            && uuid_from_string(&uuid, name->string)
-            && !strncmp(name->string, record_id, len)) {
+            && uuid_from_string(&uuid, name->s->string)
+            && !strncmp(name->s->string, record_id, len)) {
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -318,14 +318,15 @@ get_row_by_id(struct ctl_context *ctx,
         if (!id->key) {
             name = datum->n == 1 ? &datum->keys[0] : NULL;
         } else {
-            const union ovsdb_atom key_atom
-                = { .string = CONST_CAST(char *, id->key) };
+            union ovsdb_atom key_atom = {
+                .s = ovsdb_atom_string_create(CONST_CAST(char *, id->key)) };
             unsigned int i;
 
             if (ovsdb_datum_find_key(datum, &key_atom,
                                      OVSDB_TYPE_STRING, &i)) {
                 name = &datum->values[i];
             }
+            ovsdb_atom_destroy(&key_atom, OVSDB_TYPE_STRING);
         }
         if (!name) {
             continue;
diff --git a/lib/ovsdb-cs.c b/lib/ovsdb-cs.c
index 659d49dbf..fcb6fe1b3 100644
--- a/lib/ovsdb-cs.c
+++ b/lib/ovsdb-cs.c
@@ -1833,7 +1833,7 @@ server_column_get_string(const struct server_row *row,
 {
     ovs_assert(server_columns[index].type.key.type == OVSDB_TYPE_STRING);
     const struct ovsdb_datum *d = &row->data[index];
-    return d->n == 1 ? d->keys[0].string : default_value;
+    return d->n == 1 ? d->keys[0].s->string : default_value;
 }
 
 static bool
diff --git a/lib/ovsdb-data.c b/lib/ovsdb-data.c
index 04e0306e2..6654ed6de 100644
--- a/lib/ovsdb-data.c
+++ b/lib/ovsdb-data.c
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ ovsdb_atom_init_default(union ovsdb_atom *atom, enum ovsdb_atomic_type type)
         break;
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_STRING:
-        atom->string = xmemdup("", 1);
+        atom->s = ovsdb_atom_string_create_nocopy(xmemdup("", 1));
         break;
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_UUID:
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ ovsdb_atom_is_default(const union ovsdb_atom *atom,
         return atom->boolean == false;
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_STRING:
-        return atom->string[0] == '\0';
+        return atom->s->string[0] == '\0';
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_UUID:
         return uuid_is_zero(&atom->uuid);
@@ -172,7 +172,8 @@ ovsdb_atom_clone(union ovsdb_atom *new, const union ovsdb_atom *old,
         break;
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_STRING:
-        new->string = xstrdup(old->string);
+        new->s = old->s;
+        new->s->n_refs++;
         break;
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_UUID:
@@ -214,7 +215,7 @@ ovsdb_atom_hash(const union ovsdb_atom *atom, enum ovsdb_atomic_type type,
         return hash_boolean(atom->boolean, basis);
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_STRING:
-        return hash_string(atom->string, basis);
+        return hash_string(atom->s->string, basis);
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_UUID:
         return hash_int(uuid_hash(&atom->uuid), basis);
@@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ ovsdb_atom_compare_3way(const union ovsdb_atom *a,
         return a->boolean - b->boolean;
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_STRING:
-        return strcmp(a->string, b->string);
+        return a->s == b->s ? 0 : strcmp(a->s->string, b->s->string);
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_UUID:
         return uuid_compare_3way(&a->uuid, &b->uuid);
@@ -404,7 +405,7 @@ ovsdb_atom_from_json__(union ovsdb_atom *atom,
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_STRING:
         if (json->type == JSON_STRING) {
-            atom->string = xstrdup(json->string);
+            atom->s = ovsdb_atom_string_create(json->string);
             return NULL;
         }
         break;
@@ -473,7 +474,7 @@ ovsdb_atom_to_json(const union ovsdb_atom *atom, enum ovsdb_atomic_type type)
         return json_boolean_create(atom->boolean);
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_STRING:
-        return json_string_create(atom->string);
+        return json_string_create(atom->s->string);
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_UUID:
         return wrap_json("uuid", json_string_create_nocopy(
@@ -551,14 +552,18 @@ ovsdb_atom_from_string__(union ovsdb_atom *atom,
             if (s_len < 2 || s[s_len - 1] != '"') {
                 return xasprintf("%s: missing quote at end of "
                                  "quoted string", s);
-            } else if (!json_string_unescape(s + 1, s_len - 2,
-                                             &atom->string)) {
-                char *error = xasprintf("%s: %s", s, atom->string);
-                free(atom->string);
-                return error;
+            } else {
+                char *res;
+                if (json_string_unescape(s + 1, s_len - 2, &res)) {
+                    atom->s = ovsdb_atom_string_create_nocopy(res);
+                } else {
+                    char *error = xasprintf("%s: %s", s, res);
+                    free(res);
+                    return error;
+                }
             }
         } else {
-            atom->string = xstrdup(s);
+            atom->s = ovsdb_atom_string_create(s);
         }
         break;
 
@@ -721,14 +726,14 @@ ovsdb_atom_to_string(const union ovsdb_atom *atom, enum ovsdb_atomic_type type,
         break;
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_STRING:
-        if (string_needs_quotes(atom->string)) {
+        if (string_needs_quotes(atom->s->string)) {
             struct json json;
 
             json.type = JSON_STRING;
-            json.string = atom->string;
+            json.string = atom->s->string;
             json_to_ds(&json, 0, out);
         } else {
-            ds_put_cstr(out, atom->string);
+            ds_put_cstr(out, atom->s->string);
         }
         break;
 
@@ -750,7 +755,7 @@ ovsdb_atom_to_bare(const union ovsdb_atom *atom, enum ovsdb_atomic_type type,
                    struct ds *out)
 {
     if (type == OVSDB_TYPE_STRING) {
-        ds_put_cstr(out, atom->string);
+        ds_put_cstr(out, atom->s->string);
     } else {
         ovsdb_atom_to_string(atom, type, out);
     }
@@ -877,7 +882,7 @@ ovsdb_atom_check_constraints(const union ovsdb_atom *atom,
         return NULL;
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_STRING:
-        return check_string_constraints(atom->string, &base->string);
+        return check_string_constraints(atom->s->string, &base->string);
 
     case OVSDB_TYPE_UUID:
         return NULL;
@@ -1691,8 +1696,8 @@ ovsdb_datum_from_smap(struct ovsdb_datum *datum, const struct smap *smap)
     struct smap_node *node;
     size_t i = 0;
     SMAP_FOR_EACH (node, smap) {
-        datum->keys[i].string = xstrdup(node->key);
-        datum->values[i].string = xstrdup(node->value);
+        datum->keys[i].s = ovsdb_atom_string_create(node->key);
+        datum->values[i].s = ovsdb_atom_string_create(node->value);
         i++;
     }
     ovs_assert(i == datum->n);
diff --git a/lib/ovsdb-data.h b/lib/ovsdb-data.h
index b634e97ff..f66ed3472 100644
--- a/lib/ovsdb-data.h
+++ b/lib/ovsdb-data.h
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "compiler.h"
 #include "ovsdb-types.h"
 #include "openvswitch/shash.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 #ifdef  __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
@@ -31,12 +32,33 @@ struct ds;
 struct ovsdb_symbol_table;
 struct smap;
 
+struct ovsdb_atom_string {
+    char *string;
+    size_t n_refs;
+};
+
+static inline struct ovsdb_atom_string *
+ovsdb_atom_string_create_nocopy(char *str)
+{
+    struct ovsdb_atom_string *s = xzalloc(sizeof *s);
+
+    s->string = str;
+    s->n_refs = 1;
+    return s;
+}
+
+static inline struct ovsdb_atom_string *
+ovsdb_atom_string_create(const char *str)
+{
+    return ovsdb_atom_string_create_nocopy(xstrdup(str));
+}
+
 /* One value of an atomic type (given by enum ovs_atomic_type). */
 union ovsdb_atom {
     int64_t integer;
     double real;
     bool boolean;
-    char *string;
+    struct ovsdb_atom_string *s;
     struct uuid uuid;
 };
 
@@ -66,8 +88,9 @@ ovsdb_atom_needs_destruction(enum ovsdb_atomic_type type)
 static inline void
 ovsdb_atom_destroy(union ovsdb_atom *atom, enum ovsdb_atomic_type type)
 {
-    if (type == OVSDB_TYPE_STRING) {
-        free(atom->string);
+    if (type == OVSDB_TYPE_STRING && !--atom->s->n_refs) {
+        free(atom->s->string);
+        free(atom->s);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/ovsdb-idl.c b/lib/ovsdb-idl.c
index c9c567e2c..383a601f6 100644
--- a/lib/ovsdb-idl.c
+++ b/lib/ovsdb-idl.c
@@ -1951,8 +1951,7 @@ ovsdb_idl_index_destroy_row(const struct ovsdb_idl_row *row_)
     BITMAP_FOR_EACH_1 (i, class->n_columns, row->written) {
         c = &class->columns[i];
         (c->unparse) (row);
-        free(row->new_datum[i].values);
-        free(row->new_datum[i].keys);
+        ovsdb_datum_destroy(&row->new_datum[i], &c->type);
     }
     free(row->new_datum);
     free(row->written);
diff --git a/ovsdb/ovsdb-idlc.in b/ovsdb/ovsdb-idlc.in
index f19e92915..e589c1bdf 100755
--- a/ovsdb/ovsdb-idlc.in
+++ b/ovsdb/ovsdb-idlc.in
@@ -577,20 +577,20 @@ static void
                 print("    smap_init(&row->%s);" % columnName)
                 print("    for (size_t i = 0; i < datum->n; i++) {")
                 print("        smap_add(&row->%s," % columnName)
-                print("                 datum->keys[i].string,")
-                print("                 datum->values[i].string);")
+                print("                 datum->keys[i].s->string,")
+                print("                 datum->values[i].s->string);")
                 print("    }")
             elif (type.n_min == 1 and type.n_max == 1) or type.is_optional_pointer():
                 print("")
                 print("    if (datum->n >= 1) {")
                 if not type.key.ref_table:
-                    print("        %s = datum->keys[0].%s;" % (keyVar, type.key.type.to_string()))
+                    print("        %s = datum->keys[0].%s;" % (keyVar, type.key.type.to_rvalue_string()))
                 else:
                     print("        %s = %s%s_cast(ovsdb_idl_get_row_arc(row_, &%stable_%s, &datum->keys[0].uuid));" % (keyVar, prefix, type.key.ref_table.name.lower(), prefix, type.key.ref_table.name.lower()))
 
                 if valueVar:
                     if not type.value.ref_table:
-                        print("        %s = datum->values[0].%s;" % (valueVar, type.value.type.to_string()))
+                        print("        %s = datum->values[0].%s;" % (valueVar, type.value.type.to_rvalue_string()))
                     else:
                         print("        %s = %s%s_cast(ovsdb_idl_get_row_arc(row_, &%stable_%s, &datum->values[0].uuid));" % (valueVar, prefix, type.value.ref_table.name.lower(), prefix, type.value.ref_table.name.lower()))
                 print("    } else {")
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ static void
 """ % (prefix, type.key.ref_table.name.lower(), prefix, type.key.ref_table.name.lower(), prefix, type.key.ref_table.name.lower()))
                     keySrc = "keyRow"
                 else:
-                    keySrc = "datum->keys[i].%s" % type.key.type.to_string()
+                    keySrc = "datum->keys[i].%s" % type.key.type.to_rvalue_string()
                 if type.value and type.value.ref_table:
                     print("""\
         struct %s%s *valueRow = %s%s_cast(ovsdb_idl_get_row_arc(row_, &%stable_%s, &datum->values[i].uuid));
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ static void
 """ % (prefix, type.value.ref_table.name.lower(), prefix, type.value.ref_table.name.lower(), prefix, type.value.ref_table.name.lower()))
                     valueSrc = "valueRow"
                 elif valueVar:
-                    valueSrc = "datum->values[i].%s" % type.value.type.to_string()
+                    valueSrc = "datum->values[i].%s" % type.value.type.to_rvalue_string()
                 print("        if (!row->n_%s) {" % (columnName))
 
                 print("            %s = xmalloc(%s * sizeof *%s);" % (
@@ -936,45 +936,45 @@ void
         'args': ', '.join(['%(type)s%(name)s'
                            % m for m in members])})
             if type.n_min == 1 and type.n_max == 1:
-                print("    union ovsdb_atom key;")
+                print("    union ovsdb_atom *key = xmalloc(sizeof *key);")
                 if type.value:
-                    print("    union ovsdb_atom value;")
+                    print("    union ovsdb_atom *value = xmalloc(sizeof *value);")
                 print("")
                 print("    datum.n = 1;")
-                print("    datum.keys = &key;")
-                print("    " + type.key.assign_c_value_casting_away_const("key.%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), keyVar))
+                print("    datum.keys = key;")
+                print("    " + type.key.copyCValue("key->%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), keyVar))
                 if type.value:
-                    print("    datum.values = &value;")
-                    print("    "+ type.value.assign_c_value_casting_away_const("value.%s" % type.value.type.to_string(), valueVar))
+                    print("    datum.values = value;")
+                    print("    " + type.value.copyCValue("value->%s" % type.value.type.to_lvalue_string(), valueVar))
                 else:
                     print("    datum.values = NULL;")
-                txn_write_func = "ovsdb_idl_txn_write_clone"
+                txn_write_func = "ovsdb_idl_txn_write"
             elif type.is_optional_pointer():
-                print("    union ovsdb_atom key;")
                 print("")
                 print("    if (%s) {" % keyVar)
+                print("        union ovsdb_atom *key = xmalloc(sizeof *key);")
                 print("        datum.n = 1;")
-                print("        datum.keys = &key;")
-                print("        " + type.key.assign_c_value_casting_away_const("key.%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), keyVar))
+                print("        datum.keys = key;")
+                print("        " + type.key.copyCValue("key->%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), keyVar))
                 print("    } else {")
                 print("        datum.n = 0;")
                 print("        datum.keys = NULL;")
                 print("    }")
                 print("    datum.values = NULL;")
-                txn_write_func = "ovsdb_idl_txn_write_clone"
+                txn_write_func = "ovsdb_idl_txn_write"
             elif type.n_max == 1:
-                print("    union ovsdb_atom key;")
                 print("")
                 print("    if (%s) {" % nVar)
+                print("        union ovsdb_atom *key = xmalloc(sizeof *key);")
                 print("        datum.n = 1;")
-                print("        datum.keys = &key;")
-                print("        " + type.key.assign_c_value_casting_away_const("key.%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), "*" + keyVar))
+                print("        datum.keys = key;")
+                print("        " + type.key.copyCValue("key->%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), "*" + keyVar))
                 print("    } else {")
                 print("        datum.n = 0;")
                 print("        datum.keys = NULL;")
                 print("    }")
                 print("    datum.values = NULL;")
-                txn_write_func = "ovsdb_idl_txn_write_clone"
+                txn_write_func = "ovsdb_idl_txn_write"
             else:
                 print("")
                 print("    datum.n = %s;" % nVar)
@@ -984,9 +984,9 @@ void
                 else:
                     print("    datum.values = NULL;")
                 print("    for (size_t i = 0; i < %s; i++) {" % nVar)
-                print("        " + type.key.copyCValue("datum.keys[i].%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), "%s[i]" % keyVar))
+                print("        " + type.key.copyCValue("datum.keys[i].%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), "%s[i]" % keyVar))
                 if type.value:
-                    print("        " + type.value.copyCValue("datum.values[i].%s" % type.value.type.to_string(), "%s[i]" % valueVar))
+                    print("        " + type.value.copyCValue("datum.values[i].%s" % type.value.type.to_lvalue_string(), "%s[i]" % valueVar))
                 print("    }")
                 if type.value:
                     valueType = type.value.toAtomicType()
@@ -1022,9 +1022,8 @@ void
 ''' % {'s': structName, 'c': columnName,'coltype':column.type.key.to_const_c_type(prefix),
         'valtype':column.type.value.to_const_c_type(prefix), 'S': structName.upper(),
         'C': columnName.upper(), 't': tableName})
-
-                print("    "+ type.key.copyCValue("datum->keys[0].%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), "new_key"))
-                print("    "+ type.value.copyCValue("datum->values[0].%s" % type.value.type.to_string(), "new_value"))
+                print("    " + type.key.copyCValue("datum->keys[0].%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), "new_key"))
+                print("    " + type.value.copyCValue("datum->values[0].%s" % type.value.type.to_lvalue_string(), "new_value"))
                 print('''
     ovsdb_idl_txn_write_partial_map(&row->header_,
                                     &%(s)s_col_%(c)s,
@@ -1048,8 +1047,7 @@ void
 ''' % {'s': structName, 'c': columnName,'coltype':column.type.key.to_const_c_type(prefix),
         'valtype':column.type.value.to_const_c_type(prefix), 'S': structName.upper(),
         'C': columnName.upper(), 't': tableName})
-
-                print("    "+ type.key.copyCValue("datum->keys[0].%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), "delete_key"))
+                print("    " + type.key.copyCValue("datum->keys[0].%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), "delete_key"))
                 print('''
     ovsdb_idl_txn_delete_partial_map(&row->header_,
                                     &%(s)s_col_%(c)s,
@@ -1075,8 +1073,7 @@ void
     datum->values = NULL;
 ''' % {'s': structName, 'c': columnName,
         'valtype':column.type.key.to_const_c_type(prefix), 't': tableName})
-
-                print("    "+ type.key.copyCValue("datum->keys[0].%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), "new_value"))
+                print("    " + type.key.copyCValue("datum->keys[0].%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), "new_value"))
                 print('''
     ovsdb_idl_txn_write_partial_set(&row->header_,
                                     &%(s)s_col_%(c)s,
@@ -1100,8 +1097,7 @@ void
 ''' % {'s': structName, 'c': columnName,'coltype':column.type.key.to_const_c_type(prefix),
         'valtype':column.type.key.to_const_c_type(prefix), 'S': structName.upper(),
         'C': columnName.upper(), 't': tableName})
-
-                print("    "+ type.key.copyCValue("datum->keys[0].%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), "delete_value"))
+                print("    " + type.key.copyCValue("datum->keys[0].%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), "delete_value"))
                 print('''
     ovsdb_idl_txn_delete_partial_set(&row->header_,
                                     &%(s)s_col_%(c)s,
@@ -1169,37 +1165,36 @@ void
             print("    struct ovsdb_datum datum;")
             free = []
             if type.n_min == 1 and type.n_max == 1:
-                print("    union ovsdb_atom key;")
+                print("    union ovsdb_atom *key = xmalloc(sizeof *key);")
                 if type.value:
-                    print("    union ovsdb_atom value;")
+                    print("    union ovsdb_atom *value = xmalloc(sizeof *value);")
                 print("")
                 print("    datum.n = 1;")
-                print("    datum.keys = &key;")
-                print("    " + type.key.assign_c_value_casting_away_const("key.%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), keyVar, refTable=False))
+                print("    datum.keys = key;")
+                print("    " + type.key.copyCValue("key->%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), keyVar, refTable=False))
                 if type.value:
-                    print("    datum.values = &value;")
-                    print("    "+ type.value.assign_c_value_casting_away_const("value.%s" % type.value.type.to_string(), valueVar, refTable=False))
+                    print("    " + type.value.copyCValue("value.%s" % type.value.type.to_lvalue_string(), valueVar, refTable=False))
                 else:
                     print("    datum.values = NULL;")
             elif type.is_optional_pointer():
-                print("    union ovsdb_atom key;")
                 print("")
                 print("    if (%s) {" % keyVar)
+                print("        union ovsdb_atom *key = xmalloc(sizeof *key);")
                 print("        datum.n = 1;")
-                print("        datum.keys = &key;")
-                print("        " + type.key.assign_c_value_casting_away_const("key.%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), keyVar, refTable=False))
+                print("        datum.keys = key;")
+                print("        " + type.key.copyCValue("key->%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), keyVar, refTable=False))
                 print("    } else {")
                 print("        datum.n = 0;")
                 print("        datum.keys = NULL;")
                 print("    }")
                 print("    datum.values = NULL;")
             elif type.n_max == 1:
-                print("    union ovsdb_atom key;")
                 print("")
                 print("    if (%s) {" % nVar)
+                print("        union ovsdb_atom *key = xmalloc(sizeof *key);")
                 print("        datum.n = 1;")
-                print("        datum.keys = &key;")
-                print("        " + type.key.assign_c_value_casting_away_const("key.%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), "*" + keyVar, refTable=False))
+                print("        datum.keys = key;")
+                print("        " + type.key.copyCValue("key->%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), "*" + keyVar, refTable=False))
                 print("    } else {")
                 print("        datum.n = 0;")
                 print("        datum.keys = NULL;")
@@ -1208,16 +1203,14 @@ void
             else:
                 print("    datum.n = %s;" % nVar)
                 print("    datum.keys = %s ? xmalloc(%s * sizeof *datum.keys) : NULL;" % (nVar, nVar))
-                free += ['datum.keys']
                 if type.value:
                     print("    datum.values = xmalloc(%s * sizeof *datum.values);" % nVar)
-                    free += ['datum.values']
                 else:
                     print("    datum.values = NULL;")
                 print("    for (size_t i = 0; i < %s; i++) {" % nVar)
-                print("        " + type.key.assign_c_value_casting_away_const("datum.keys[i].%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), "%s[i]" % keyVar, refTable=False))
+                print("        " + type.key.copyCValue("datum.keys[i].%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), "%s[i]" % keyVar, refTable=False))
                 if type.value:
-                    print("        " + type.value.assign_c_value_casting_away_const("datum.values[i].%s" % type.value.type.to_string(), "%s[i]" % valueVar, refTable=False))
+                    print("        " + type.value.copyCValue("datum.values[i].%s" % type.value.type.to_lvalue_string(), "%s[i]" % valueVar, refTable=False))
                 print("    }")
                 if type.value:
                     valueType = type.value.toAtomicType()
@@ -1237,8 +1230,8 @@ void
        's': structName,
        'S': structName.upper(),
        'c': columnName})
-            for var in free:
-                print("    free(%s);" % var)
+            print("    ovsdb_datum_destroy(&datum, &%(s)s_col_%(c)s.type);" \
+                  % {'s': structName, 'c': columnName})
             print("}")
 
 # Index table related functions
@@ -1335,8 +1328,8 @@ struct %(s)s *
 
         i = 0;
         SMAP_FOR_EACH (node, %(c)s) {
-            datum->keys[i].string = node->key;
-            datum->values[i].string = node->value;
+            datum->keys[i].s = ovsdb_atom_string_create(node->key);
+            datum->values[i].s = ovsdb_atom_string_create(node->value);
             i++;
         }
         ovsdb_datum_sort_unique(datum, OVSDB_TYPE_STRING, OVSDB_TYPE_STRING);
@@ -1385,10 +1378,10 @@ struct %(s)s *
                 print()
                 print("    datum.n = 1;")
                 print("    datum.keys = key;")
-                print("    " + type.key.assign_c_value_casting_away_const("key->%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), keyVar))
+                print("    " + type.key.copyCValue("key->%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), keyVar))
                 if type.value:
                     print("    datum.values = value;")
-                    print("    "+ type.value.assign_c_value_casting_away_const("value->%s" % type.value.type.to_string(), valueVar))
+                    print("    " + type.value.copyCValue("value->%s" % type.value.type.to_lvalue_string(), valueVar))
                 else:
                     print("    datum.values = NULL;")
                 txn_write_func = "ovsdb_idl_index_write"
@@ -1399,7 +1392,7 @@ struct %(s)s *
                 print("        key = xmalloc(sizeof (union ovsdb_atom));")
                 print("        datum.n = 1;")
                 print("        datum.keys = key;")
-                print("        " + type.key.assign_c_value_casting_away_const("key->%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), keyVar))
+                print("        " + type.key.copyCValue("key->%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), keyVar))
                 print("    } else {")
                 print("        datum.n = 0;")
                 print("        datum.keys = NULL;")
@@ -1413,7 +1406,7 @@ struct %(s)s *
                 print("        key = xmalloc(sizeof(union ovsdb_atom));")
                 print("        datum.n = 1;")
                 print("        datum.keys = key;")
-                print("        " + type.key.assign_c_value_casting_away_const("key->%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), "*" + keyVar))
+                print("        " + type.key.copyCValue("key->%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), "*" + keyVar))
                 print("    } else {")
                 print("        datum.n = 0;")
                 print("        datum.keys = NULL;")
@@ -1430,9 +1423,9 @@ struct %(s)s *
                 else:
                     print("    datum.values = NULL;")
                 print("    for (i = 0; i < %s; i++) {" % nVar)
-                print("        " + type.key.copyCValue("datum.keys[i].%s" % type.key.type.to_string(), "%s[i]" % keyVar))
+                print("        " + type.key.copyCValue("datum.keys[i].%s" % type.key.type.to_lvalue_string(), "%s[i]" % keyVar))
                 if type.value:
-                    print("        " + type.value.copyCValue("datum.values[i].%s" % type.value.type.to_string(), "%s[i]" % valueVar))
+                    print("        " + type.value.copyCValue("datum.values[i].%s" % type.value.type.to_lvalue_string(), "%s[i]" % valueVar))
                 print("    }")
                 if type.value:
                     valueType = type.value.toAtomicType()
diff --git a/ovsdb/ovsdb-server.c b/ovsdb/ovsdb-server.c
index 0b3d2bb71..b34d97e29 100644
--- a/ovsdb/ovsdb-server.c
+++ b/ovsdb/ovsdb-server.c
@@ -904,8 +904,8 @@ query_db_string(const struct shash *all_dbs, const char *name,
 
             datum = &row->fields[column->index];
             for (i = 0; i < datum->n; i++) {
-                if (datum->keys[i].string[0]) {
-                    return datum->keys[i].string;
+                if (datum->keys[i].s->string[0]) {
+                    return datum->keys[i].s->string;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@ query_db_remotes(const char *name, const struct shash *all_dbs,
 
             datum = &row->fields[column->index];
             for (i = 0; i < datum->n; i++) {
-                add_remote(remotes, datum->keys[i].string);
+                add_remote(remotes, datum->keys[i].s->string);
             }
         }
     } else if (column->type.key.type == OVSDB_TYPE_UUID
diff --git a/ovsdb/ovsdb-util.c b/ovsdb/ovsdb-util.c
index c4075cdae..6d7be066b 100644
--- a/ovsdb/ovsdb-util.c
+++ b/ovsdb/ovsdb-util.c
@@ -111,13 +111,13 @@ ovsdb_util_read_map_string_column(const struct ovsdb_row *row,
 
     for (i = 0; i < datum->n; i++) {
         atom_key = &datum->keys[i];
-        if (!strcmp(atom_key->string, key)) {
+        if (!strcmp(atom_key->s->string, key)) {
             atom_value = &datum->values[i];
             break;
         }
     }
 
-    return atom_value ? atom_value->string : NULL;
+    return atom_value ? atom_value->s->string : NULL;
 }
 
 /* Read string-uuid key-values from a map.  Returns the row associated with
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ ovsdb_util_read_map_string_uuid_column(const struct ovsdb_row *row,
     const struct ovsdb_datum *datum = &row->fields[column->index];
     for (size_t i = 0; i < datum->n; i++) {
         union ovsdb_atom *atom_key = &datum->keys[i];
-        if (!strcmp(atom_key->string, key)) {
+        if (!strcmp(atom_key->s->string, key)) {
             const union ovsdb_atom *atom_value = &datum->values[i];
             return ovsdb_table_get_row(ref_table, &atom_value->uuid);
         }
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ ovsdb_util_read_string_column(const struct ovsdb_row *row,
     const union ovsdb_atom *atom;
 
     atom = ovsdb_util_read_column(row, column_name, OVSDB_TYPE_STRING);
-    *stringp = atom ? atom->string : NULL;
+    *stringp = atom ? atom->s->string : NULL;
     return atom != NULL;
 }
 
@@ -269,8 +269,10 @@ ovsdb_util_write_string_column(struct ovsdb_row *row, const char *column_name,
                                const char *string)
 {
     if (string) {
-        const union ovsdb_atom atom = { .string = CONST_CAST(char *, string) };
+        union ovsdb_atom atom = {
+            .s = ovsdb_atom_string_create(CONST_CAST(char *, string)) };
         ovsdb_util_write_singleton(row, column_name, &atom, OVSDB_TYPE_STRING);
+        ovsdb_atom_destroy(&atom, OVSDB_TYPE_STRING);
     } else {
         ovsdb_util_clear_column(row, column_name);
     }
@@ -305,8 +307,8 @@ ovsdb_util_write_string_string_column(struct ovsdb_row *row,
     datum->values = xmalloc(n * sizeof *datum->values);
 
     for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-        datum->keys[i].string = keys[i];
-        datum->values[i].string = values[i];
+        datum->keys[i].s = ovsdb_atom_string_create_nocopy(keys[i]);
+        datum->values[i].s = ovsdb_atom_string_create_nocopy(values[i]);
     }
 
     /* Sort and check constraints. */
diff --git a/ovsdb/rbac.c b/ovsdb/rbac.c
index 2986027c9..ff411675f 100644
--- a/ovsdb/rbac.c
+++ b/ovsdb/rbac.c
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ ovsdb_find_row_by_string_key(const struct ovsdb_table *table,
         HMAP_FOR_EACH (row, hmap_node, &table->rows) {
             const struct ovsdb_datum *datum = &row->fields[column->index];
             for (size_t i = 0; i < datum->n; i++) {
-                if (datum->keys[i].string[0] &&
-                    !strcmp(key, datum->keys[i].string)) {
+                if (datum->keys[i].s->string[0] &&
+                    !strcmp(key, datum->keys[i].s->string)) {
                     return row;
                 }
             }
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ ovsdb_rbac_authorized(const struct ovsdb_row *perms,
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i < datum->n; i++) {
-        const char *name = datum->keys[i].string;
+        const char *name = datum->keys[i].s->string;
         const char *value = NULL;
         bool is_map;
 
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ rbac_column_modification_permitted(const struct ovsdb_column *column,
     size_t i;
 
     for (i = 0; i < modifiable->n; i++) {
-        char *name = modifiable->keys[i].string;
+        char *name = modifiable->keys[i].s->string;
 
         if (!strcmp(name, column->name)) {
             return true;
diff --git a/python/ovs/db/data.py b/python/ovs/db/data.py
index 2a2102d6b..99bf80ed6 100644
--- a/python/ovs/db/data.py
+++ b/python/ovs/db/data.py
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ class Atom(object):
             else:
                 return '.boolean = false'
         elif self.type == ovs.db.types.StringType:
-            return '.string = "%s"' % escapeCString(self.value)
+            return '.s = %s' % escapeCString(self.value)
         elif self.type == ovs.db.types.UuidType:
             return '.uuid = %s' % ovs.ovsuuid.to_c_assignment(self.value)
 
@@ -563,16 +563,41 @@ class Datum(object):
         if n == 0:
             return ["static struct ovsdb_datum %s = { .n = 0 };"]
 
-        s = ["static union ovsdb_atom %s_keys[%d] = {" % (name, n)]
-        for key in sorted(self.values):
-            s += ["    { %s }," % key.cInitAtom(key)]
-        s += ["};"]
+        s = []
+        if self.type.key.type == ovs.db.types.StringType:
+            s += ["static struct ovsdb_atom_string %s_key_strings[%d] = {"
+                  % (name, n)]
+            for key in sorted(self.values):
+                s += ['    { .string = "%s", .n_refs = 2 },'
+                      % escapeCString(key.value)]
+            s += ["};"]
+            s += ["static union ovsdb_atom %s_keys[%d] = {" % (name, n)]
+            for i in range(n):
+                s += ["    { .s = &%s_key_strings[%d] }," % (name, i)]
+            s += ["};"]
+        else:
+            s = ["static union ovsdb_atom %s_keys[%d] = {" % (name, n)]
+            for key in sorted(self.values):
+                s += ["    { %s }," % key.cInitAtom(key)]
+            s += ["};"]
 
         if self.type.value:
-            s = ["static union ovsdb_atom %s_values[%d] = {" % (name, n)]
-            for k, v in sorted(self.values.items()):
-                s += ["    { %s }," % v.cInitAtom(v)]
-            s += ["};"]
+            if self.type.value.type == ovs.db.types.StringType:
+                s += ["static struct ovsdb_atom_string %s_val_strings[%d] = {"
+                      % (name, n)]
+                for k, v in sorted(self.values):
+                    s += ['    { .string = "%s", .n_refs = 2 },'
+                          % escapeCString(v.value)]
+                s += ["};"]
+                s += ["static union ovsdb_atom %s_values[%d] = {" % (name, n)]
+                for i in range(n):
+                    s += ["    { .s = &%s_val_strings[%d] }," % (name, i)]
+                s += ["};"]
+            else:
+                s = ["static union ovsdb_atom %s_values[%d] = {" % (name, n)]
+                for k, v in sorted(self.values.items()):
+                    s += ["    { %s }," % v.cInitAtom(v)]
+                s += ["};"]
 
         s += ["static struct ovsdb_datum %s = {" % name]
         s += ["    .n = %d," % n]
diff --git a/python/ovs/db/types.py b/python/ovs/db/types.py
index 626ae8fc4..3318a3b6f 100644
--- a/python/ovs/db/types.py
+++ b/python/ovs/db/types.py
@@ -48,6 +48,16 @@ class AtomicType(object):
     def to_string(self):
         return self.name
 
+    def to_rvalue_string(self):
+        if self == StringType:
+            return 's->' + self.name
+        return self.name
+
+    def to_lvalue_string(self):
+        if self == StringType:
+            return 's'
+        return self.name
+
     def to_json(self):
         return self.name
 
@@ -373,18 +383,7 @@ class BaseType(object):
                 return "%(dst)s = *%(src)s;" % args
             return ("%(dst)s = %(src)s->header_.uuid;") % args
         elif self.type == StringType:
-            return "%(dst)s = xstrdup(%(src)s);" % args
-        else:
-            return "%(dst)s = %(src)s;" % args
-
-    def assign_c_value_casting_away_const(self, dst, src, refTable=True):
-        args = {'dst': dst, 'src': src}
-        if self.ref_table_name:
-            if not refTable:
-                return "%(dst)s = *%(src)s;" % args
-            return ("%(dst)s = %(src)s->header_.uuid;") % args
-        elif self.type == StringType:
-            return "%(dst)s = CONST_CAST(char *, %(src)s);" % args
+            return "%(dst)s = ovsdb_atom_string_create(%(src)s);" % args
         else:
             return "%(dst)s = %(src)s;" % args
 
diff --git a/tests/test-ovsdb.c b/tests/test-ovsdb.c
index 86d75dfd9..432977159 100644
--- a/tests/test-ovsdb.c
+++ b/tests/test-ovsdb.c
@@ -2744,13 +2744,15 @@ print_idl_row_simple2(const struct idltest_simple2 *s, int step)
     printf("%03d: name=%s smap=[",
            step, s->name);
     for (i = 0; i < smap->n; i++) {
-        printf("[%s : %s]%s", smap->keys[i].string, smap->values[i].string,
-                i < smap->n-1? ",": "");
+        printf("[%s : %s]%s",
+               smap->keys[i].s->string, smap->values[i].s->string,
+               i < smap->n - 1 ? "," : "");
     }
     printf("] imap=[");
     for (i = 0; i < imap->n; i++) {
-        printf("[%"PRId64" : %s]%s", imap->keys[i].integer, imap->values[i].string,
-                i < imap->n-1? ",":"");
+        printf("[%"PRId64" : %s]%s",
+               imap->keys[i].integer, imap->values[i].s->string,
+               i < imap->n - 1 ? "," : "");
     }
     printf("]\n");
 }
@@ -2819,8 +2821,8 @@ do_idl_partial_update_map_column(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
     myTxn = ovsdb_idl_txn_create(idl);
     smap = idltest_simple2_get_smap(myRow, OVSDB_TYPE_STRING,
                                     OVSDB_TYPE_STRING);
-    strcpy(key_to_delete, smap->keys[0].string);
-    idltest_simple2_update_smap_delkey(myRow, smap->keys[0].string);
+    ovs_strlcpy(key_to_delete, smap->keys[0].s->string, sizeof key_to_delete);
+    idltest_simple2_update_smap_delkey(myRow, smap->keys[0].s->string);
     ovsdb_idl_txn_commit_block(myTxn);
     ovsdb_idl_txn_destroy(myTxn);
     ovsdb_idl_get_initial_snapshot(idl);