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ovs/lib/learn.c
Ben Pfaff 35f48b8bd9 Implement learned flow deletion.
When a flow with a "learn" action is deleted, one often wants the flows
that it created (the "learned flows") to be deleted as well.  This commit
makes that possible.

I am aware of a race condition that could lead to a learned flow not being
properly deleted.  Suppose thread A deletes a flow with a "learn" action.
Meanwhile, thread B obtains the actions for this flow and translates and
executes them.  Thread B could obtain the actions for the flow before it is
deleted, but execute them after the "learn" flow and its learned flows are
deleted.  The result is that the flow created by thread B persists despite
its "learn" flow having been deleted.  This race can and should be fixed,
but I think that this commit is worth reviewing without it.

VMware-BZ: #1254021
Signed-off-by: Ben Pfaff <blp@nicira.com>
Acked-by: Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch>
Acked-by: Ethan Jackson <ethan@nicira.com>
2014-06-12 14:47:22 -07:00

721 lines
22 KiB
C

/*
* Copyright (c) 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 Nicira, Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at:
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#include <config.h>
#include "learn.h"
#include "byte-order.h"
#include "dynamic-string.h"
#include "match.h"
#include "meta-flow.h"
#include "nx-match.h"
#include "ofp-actions.h"
#include "ofp-errors.h"
#include "ofp-util.h"
#include "ofpbuf.h"
#include "openflow/openflow.h"
#include "unaligned.h"
static ovs_be16
get_be16(const void **pp)
{
const ovs_be16 *p = *pp;
ovs_be16 value = *p;
*pp = p + 1;
return value;
}
static ovs_be32
get_be32(const void **pp)
{
const ovs_be32 *p = *pp;
ovs_be32 value = get_unaligned_be32(p);
*pp = p + 1;
return value;
}
static void
get_subfield(int n_bits, const void **p, struct mf_subfield *sf)
{
sf->field = mf_from_nxm_header(ntohl(get_be32(p)));
sf->ofs = ntohs(get_be16(p));
sf->n_bits = n_bits;
}
static unsigned int
learn_min_len(uint16_t header)
{
int n_bits = header & NX_LEARN_N_BITS_MASK;
int src_type = header & NX_LEARN_SRC_MASK;
int dst_type = header & NX_LEARN_DST_MASK;
unsigned int min_len;
min_len = 0;
if (src_type == NX_LEARN_SRC_FIELD) {
min_len += sizeof(ovs_be32); /* src_field */
min_len += sizeof(ovs_be16); /* src_ofs */
} else {
min_len += DIV_ROUND_UP(n_bits, 16);
}
if (dst_type == NX_LEARN_DST_MATCH ||
dst_type == NX_LEARN_DST_LOAD) {
min_len += sizeof(ovs_be32); /* dst_field */
min_len += sizeof(ovs_be16); /* dst_ofs */
}
return min_len;
}
/* Converts 'nal' into a "struct ofpact_learn" and appends that struct to
* 'ofpacts'. Returns 0 if successful, otherwise an OFPERR_*. */
enum ofperr
learn_from_openflow(const struct nx_action_learn *nal, struct ofpbuf *ofpacts)
{
struct ofpact_learn *learn;
const void *p, *end;
if (nal->pad) {
return OFPERR_OFPBAC_BAD_ARGUMENT;
}
learn = ofpact_put_LEARN(ofpacts);
learn->idle_timeout = ntohs(nal->idle_timeout);
learn->hard_timeout = ntohs(nal->hard_timeout);
learn->priority = ntohs(nal->priority);
learn->cookie = nal->cookie;
learn->table_id = nal->table_id;
learn->fin_idle_timeout = ntohs(nal->fin_idle_timeout);
learn->fin_hard_timeout = ntohs(nal->fin_hard_timeout);
learn->flags = ntohs(nal->flags);
if (learn->flags & ~(NX_LEARN_F_SEND_FLOW_REM |
NX_LEARN_F_DELETE_LEARNED)) {
return OFPERR_OFPBAC_BAD_ARGUMENT;
}
if (learn->table_id == 0xff) {
return OFPERR_OFPBAC_BAD_ARGUMENT;
}
end = (char *) nal + ntohs(nal->len);
for (p = nal + 1; p != end; ) {
struct ofpact_learn_spec *spec;
uint16_t header = ntohs(get_be16(&p));
if (!header) {
break;
}
spec = ofpbuf_put_zeros(ofpacts, sizeof *spec);
learn = ofpacts->frame;
learn->n_specs++;
spec->src_type = header & NX_LEARN_SRC_MASK;
spec->dst_type = header & NX_LEARN_DST_MASK;
spec->n_bits = header & NX_LEARN_N_BITS_MASK;
/* Check for valid src and dst type combination. */
if (spec->dst_type == NX_LEARN_DST_MATCH ||
spec->dst_type == NX_LEARN_DST_LOAD ||
(spec->dst_type == NX_LEARN_DST_OUTPUT &&
spec->src_type == NX_LEARN_SRC_FIELD)) {
/* OK. */
} else {
return OFPERR_OFPBAC_BAD_ARGUMENT;
}
/* Check that the arguments don't overrun the end of the action. */
if ((char *) end - (char *) p < learn_min_len(header)) {
return OFPERR_OFPBAC_BAD_LEN;
}
/* Get the source. */
if (spec->src_type == NX_LEARN_SRC_FIELD) {
get_subfield(spec->n_bits, &p, &spec->src);
} else {
int p_bytes = 2 * DIV_ROUND_UP(spec->n_bits, 16);
bitwise_copy(p, p_bytes, 0,
&spec->src_imm, sizeof spec->src_imm, 0,
spec->n_bits);
p = (const uint8_t *) p + p_bytes;
}
/* Get the destination. */
if (spec->dst_type == NX_LEARN_DST_MATCH ||
spec->dst_type == NX_LEARN_DST_LOAD) {
get_subfield(spec->n_bits, &p, &spec->dst);
}
}
ofpact_update_len(ofpacts, &learn->ofpact);
if (!is_all_zeros(p, (char *) end - (char *) p)) {
return OFPERR_OFPBAC_BAD_ARGUMENT;
}
return 0;
}
/* Checks that 'learn' is a valid action on 'flow'. Returns 0 if it is valid,
* otherwise an OFPERR_*. */
enum ofperr
learn_check(const struct ofpact_learn *learn, const struct flow *flow)
{
const struct ofpact_learn_spec *spec;
struct match match;
match_init_catchall(&match);
for (spec = learn->specs; spec < &learn->specs[learn->n_specs]; spec++) {
enum ofperr error;
/* Check the source. */
if (spec->src_type == NX_LEARN_SRC_FIELD) {
error = mf_check_src(&spec->src, flow);
if (error) {
return error;
}
}
/* Check the destination. */
switch (spec->dst_type) {
case NX_LEARN_DST_MATCH:
error = mf_check_src(&spec->dst, &match.flow);
if (error) {
return error;
}
mf_write_subfield(&spec->dst, &spec->src_imm, &match);
break;
case NX_LEARN_DST_LOAD:
error = mf_check_dst(&spec->dst, &match.flow);
if (error) {
return error;
}
break;
case NX_LEARN_DST_OUTPUT:
/* Nothing to do. */
break;
}
}
return 0;
}
static void
put_be16(struct ofpbuf *b, ovs_be16 x)
{
ofpbuf_put(b, &x, sizeof x);
}
static void
put_be32(struct ofpbuf *b, ovs_be32 x)
{
ofpbuf_put(b, &x, sizeof x);
}
static void
put_u16(struct ofpbuf *b, uint16_t x)
{
put_be16(b, htons(x));
}
static void
put_u32(struct ofpbuf *b, uint32_t x)
{
put_be32(b, htonl(x));
}
/* Converts 'learn' into a "struct nx_action_learn" and appends that action to
* 'ofpacts'. */
void
learn_to_nxast(const struct ofpact_learn *learn, struct ofpbuf *openflow)
{
const struct ofpact_learn_spec *spec;
struct nx_action_learn *nal;
size_t start_ofs;
start_ofs = ofpbuf_size(openflow);
nal = ofputil_put_NXAST_LEARN(openflow);
nal->idle_timeout = htons(learn->idle_timeout);
nal->hard_timeout = htons(learn->hard_timeout);
nal->fin_idle_timeout = htons(learn->fin_idle_timeout);
nal->fin_hard_timeout = htons(learn->fin_hard_timeout);
nal->priority = htons(learn->priority);
nal->cookie = learn->cookie;
nal->flags = htons(learn->flags);
nal->table_id = learn->table_id;
for (spec = learn->specs; spec < &learn->specs[learn->n_specs]; spec++) {
put_u16(openflow, spec->n_bits | spec->dst_type | spec->src_type);
if (spec->src_type == NX_LEARN_SRC_FIELD) {
put_u32(openflow, spec->src.field->nxm_header);
put_u16(openflow, spec->src.ofs);
} else {
size_t n_dst_bytes = 2 * DIV_ROUND_UP(spec->n_bits, 16);
uint8_t *bits = ofpbuf_put_zeros(openflow, n_dst_bytes);
bitwise_copy(&spec->src_imm, sizeof spec->src_imm, 0,
bits, n_dst_bytes, 0,
spec->n_bits);
}
if (spec->dst_type == NX_LEARN_DST_MATCH ||
spec->dst_type == NX_LEARN_DST_LOAD) {
put_u32(openflow, spec->dst.field->nxm_header);
put_u16(openflow, spec->dst.ofs);
}
}
if ((ofpbuf_size(openflow) - start_ofs) % 8) {
ofpbuf_put_zeros(openflow, 8 - (ofpbuf_size(openflow) - start_ofs) % 8);
}
nal = ofpbuf_at_assert(openflow, start_ofs, sizeof *nal);
nal->len = htons(ofpbuf_size(openflow) - start_ofs);
}
/* Composes 'fm' so that executing it will implement 'learn' given that the
* packet being processed has 'flow' as its flow.
*
* Uses 'ofpacts' to store the flow mod's actions. The caller must initialize
* 'ofpacts' and retains ownership of it. 'fm->ofpacts' will point into the
* 'ofpacts' buffer.
*
* The caller has to actually execute 'fm'. */
void
learn_execute(const struct ofpact_learn *learn, const struct flow *flow,
struct ofputil_flow_mod *fm, struct ofpbuf *ofpacts)
{
const struct ofpact_learn_spec *spec;
match_init_catchall(&fm->match);
fm->priority = learn->priority;
fm->cookie = htonll(0);
fm->cookie_mask = htonll(0);
fm->new_cookie = learn->cookie;
fm->modify_cookie = fm->new_cookie != OVS_BE64_MAX;
fm->table_id = learn->table_id;
fm->command = OFPFC_MODIFY_STRICT;
fm->idle_timeout = learn->idle_timeout;
fm->hard_timeout = learn->hard_timeout;
fm->buffer_id = UINT32_MAX;
fm->out_port = OFPP_NONE;
fm->flags = 0;
if (learn->flags & NX_LEARN_F_SEND_FLOW_REM) {
fm->flags |= OFPUTIL_FF_SEND_FLOW_REM;
}
fm->ofpacts = NULL;
fm->ofpacts_len = 0;
fm->delete_reason = OFPRR_DELETE;
if (learn->fin_idle_timeout || learn->fin_hard_timeout) {
struct ofpact_fin_timeout *oft;
oft = ofpact_put_FIN_TIMEOUT(ofpacts);
oft->fin_idle_timeout = learn->fin_idle_timeout;
oft->fin_hard_timeout = learn->fin_hard_timeout;
}
for (spec = learn->specs; spec < &learn->specs[learn->n_specs]; spec++) {
union mf_subvalue value;
int chunk, ofs;
if (spec->src_type == NX_LEARN_SRC_FIELD) {
mf_read_subfield(&spec->src, flow, &value);
} else {
value = spec->src_imm;
}
switch (spec->dst_type) {
case NX_LEARN_DST_MATCH:
mf_write_subfield(&spec->dst, &value, &fm->match);
break;
case NX_LEARN_DST_LOAD:
for (ofs = 0; ofs < spec->n_bits; ofs += chunk) {
struct ofpact_reg_load *load;
chunk = MIN(spec->n_bits - ofs, 64);
load = ofpact_put_REG_LOAD(ofpacts);
load->dst.field = spec->dst.field;
load->dst.ofs = spec->dst.ofs + ofs;
load->dst.n_bits = chunk;
bitwise_copy(&value, sizeof value, ofs,
&load->subvalue, sizeof load->subvalue, 0,
chunk);
}
break;
case NX_LEARN_DST_OUTPUT:
if (spec->n_bits <= 16
|| is_all_zeros(value.u8, sizeof value - 2)) {
ofp_port_t port = u16_to_ofp(ntohs(value.be16[7]));
if (ofp_to_u16(port) < ofp_to_u16(OFPP_MAX)
|| port == OFPP_IN_PORT
|| port == OFPP_FLOOD
|| port == OFPP_LOCAL
|| port == OFPP_ALL) {
ofpact_put_OUTPUT(ofpacts)->port = port;
}
}
break;
}
}
ofpact_pad(ofpacts);
fm->ofpacts = ofpbuf_data(ofpacts);
fm->ofpacts_len = ofpbuf_size(ofpacts);
}
/* Perform a bitwise-OR on 'wc''s fields that are relevant as sources in
* the learn action 'learn'. */
void
learn_mask(const struct ofpact_learn *learn, struct flow_wildcards *wc)
{
const struct ofpact_learn_spec *spec;
union mf_subvalue value;
memset(&value, 0xff, sizeof value);
for (spec = learn->specs; spec < &learn->specs[learn->n_specs]; spec++) {
if (spec->src_type == NX_LEARN_SRC_FIELD) {
mf_write_subfield_flow(&spec->src, &value, &wc->masks);
}
}
}
/* Returns NULL if successful, otherwise a malloc()'d string describing the
* error. The caller is responsible for freeing the returned string. */
static char * WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
learn_parse_load_immediate(const char *s, struct ofpact_learn_spec *spec)
{
const char *full_s = s;
const char *arrow = strstr(s, "->");
struct mf_subfield dst;
union mf_subvalue imm;
char *error;
memset(&imm, 0, sizeof imm);
if (s[0] == '0' && (s[1] == 'x' || s[1] == 'X') && arrow) {
const char *in = arrow - 1;
uint8_t *out = imm.u8 + sizeof imm.u8 - 1;
int n = arrow - (s + 2);
int i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
int hexit = hexit_value(in[-i]);
if (hexit < 0) {
return xasprintf("%s: bad hex digit in value", full_s);
}
out[-(i / 2)] |= i % 2 ? hexit << 4 : hexit;
}
s = arrow;
} else {
imm.be64[1] = htonll(strtoull(s, (char **) &s, 0));
}
if (strncmp(s, "->", 2)) {
return xasprintf("%s: missing `->' following value", full_s);
}
s += 2;
error = mf_parse_subfield(&dst, s);
if (error) {
return error;
}
if (!bitwise_is_all_zeros(&imm, sizeof imm, dst.n_bits,
(8 * sizeof imm) - dst.n_bits)) {
return xasprintf("%s: value does not fit into %u bits",
full_s, dst.n_bits);
}
spec->n_bits = dst.n_bits;
spec->src_type = NX_LEARN_SRC_IMMEDIATE;
spec->src_imm = imm;
spec->dst_type = NX_LEARN_DST_LOAD;
spec->dst = dst;
return NULL;
}
/* Returns NULL if successful, otherwise a malloc()'d string describing the
* error. The caller is responsible for freeing the returned string. */
static char * WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
learn_parse_spec(const char *orig, char *name, char *value,
struct ofpact_learn_spec *spec)
{
if (mf_from_name(name)) {
const struct mf_field *dst = mf_from_name(name);
union mf_value imm;
char *error;
error = mf_parse_value(dst, value, &imm);
if (error) {
return error;
}
spec->n_bits = dst->n_bits;
spec->src_type = NX_LEARN_SRC_IMMEDIATE;
memset(&spec->src_imm, 0, sizeof spec->src_imm);
memcpy(&spec->src_imm.u8[sizeof spec->src_imm - dst->n_bytes],
&imm, dst->n_bytes);
spec->dst_type = NX_LEARN_DST_MATCH;
spec->dst.field = dst;
spec->dst.ofs = 0;
spec->dst.n_bits = dst->n_bits;
} else if (strchr(name, '[')) {
/* Parse destination and check prerequisites. */
char *error;
error = mf_parse_subfield(&spec->dst, name);
if (error) {
return error;
}
/* Parse source and check prerequisites. */
if (value[0] != '\0') {
error = mf_parse_subfield(&spec->src, value);
if (error) {
return error;
}
if (spec->src.n_bits != spec->dst.n_bits) {
return xasprintf("%s: bit widths of %s (%u) and %s (%u) "
"differ", orig, name, spec->src.n_bits, value,
spec->dst.n_bits);
}
} else {
spec->src = spec->dst;
}
spec->n_bits = spec->src.n_bits;
spec->src_type = NX_LEARN_SRC_FIELD;
spec->dst_type = NX_LEARN_DST_MATCH;
} else if (!strcmp(name, "load")) {
if (value[strcspn(value, "[-")] == '-') {
char *error = learn_parse_load_immediate(value, spec);
if (error) {
return error;
}
} else {
struct ofpact_reg_move move;
char *error;
error = nxm_parse_reg_move(&move, value);
if (error) {
return error;
}
spec->n_bits = move.src.n_bits;
spec->src_type = NX_LEARN_SRC_FIELD;
spec->src = move.src;
spec->dst_type = NX_LEARN_DST_LOAD;
spec->dst = move.dst;
}
} else if (!strcmp(name, "output")) {
char *error = mf_parse_subfield(&spec->src, value);
if (error) {
return error;
}
spec->n_bits = spec->src.n_bits;
spec->src_type = NX_LEARN_SRC_FIELD;
spec->dst_type = NX_LEARN_DST_OUTPUT;
} else {
return xasprintf("%s: unknown keyword %s", orig, name);
}
return NULL;
}
/* Returns NULL if successful, otherwise a malloc()'d string describing the
* error. The caller is responsible for freeing the returned string. */
static char * WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
learn_parse__(char *orig, char *arg, struct ofpbuf *ofpacts)
{
struct ofpact_learn *learn;
struct match match;
char *name, *value;
learn = ofpact_put_LEARN(ofpacts);
learn->idle_timeout = OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT;
learn->hard_timeout = OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT;
learn->priority = OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY;
learn->table_id = 1;
match_init_catchall(&match);
while (ofputil_parse_key_value(&arg, &name, &value)) {
if (!strcmp(name, "table")) {
learn->table_id = atoi(value);
if (learn->table_id == 255) {
return xasprintf("%s: table id 255 not valid for `learn' "
"action", orig);
}
} else if (!strcmp(name, "priority")) {
learn->priority = atoi(value);
} else if (!strcmp(name, "idle_timeout")) {
learn->idle_timeout = atoi(value);
} else if (!strcmp(name, "hard_timeout")) {
learn->hard_timeout = atoi(value);
} else if (!strcmp(name, "fin_idle_timeout")) {
learn->fin_idle_timeout = atoi(value);
} else if (!strcmp(name, "fin_hard_timeout")) {
learn->fin_hard_timeout = atoi(value);
} else if (!strcmp(name, "cookie")) {
learn->cookie = htonll(strtoull(value, NULL, 0));
} else if (!strcmp(name, "send_flow_rem")) {
learn->flags |= NX_LEARN_F_SEND_FLOW_REM;
} else if (!strcmp(name, "delete_learned")) {
learn->flags |= NX_LEARN_F_DELETE_LEARNED;
} else {
struct ofpact_learn_spec *spec;
char *error;
spec = ofpbuf_put_zeros(ofpacts, sizeof *spec);
learn = ofpacts->frame;
learn->n_specs++;
error = learn_parse_spec(orig, name, value, spec);
if (error) {
return error;
}
/* Update 'match' to allow for satisfying destination
* prerequisites. */
if (spec->src_type == NX_LEARN_SRC_IMMEDIATE
&& spec->dst_type == NX_LEARN_DST_MATCH) {
mf_write_subfield(&spec->dst, &spec->src_imm, &match);
}
}
}
ofpact_update_len(ofpacts, &learn->ofpact);
return NULL;
}
/* Parses 'arg' as a set of arguments to the "learn" action and appends a
* matching OFPACT_LEARN action to 'ofpacts'. ovs-ofctl(8) describes the
* format parsed.
*
* Returns NULL if successful, otherwise a malloc()'d string describing the
* error. The caller is responsible for freeing the returned string.
*
* If 'flow' is nonnull, then it should be the flow from a struct match that is
* the matching rule for the learning action. This helps to better validate
* the action's arguments.
*
* Modifies 'arg'. */
char * WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
learn_parse(char *arg, struct ofpbuf *ofpacts)
{
char *orig = xstrdup(arg);
char *error = learn_parse__(orig, arg, ofpacts);
free(orig);
return error;
}
/* Appends a description of 'learn' to 's', in the format that ovs-ofctl(8)
* describes. */
void
learn_format(const struct ofpact_learn *learn, struct ds *s)
{
const struct ofpact_learn_spec *spec;
struct match match;
match_init_catchall(&match);
ds_put_format(s, "learn(table=%"PRIu8, learn->table_id);
if (learn->idle_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
ds_put_format(s, ",idle_timeout=%"PRIu16, learn->idle_timeout);
}
if (learn->hard_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
ds_put_format(s, ",hard_timeout=%"PRIu16, learn->hard_timeout);
}
if (learn->fin_idle_timeout) {
ds_put_format(s, ",fin_idle_timeout=%"PRIu16, learn->fin_idle_timeout);
}
if (learn->fin_hard_timeout) {
ds_put_format(s, ",fin_hard_timeout=%"PRIu16, learn->fin_hard_timeout);
}
if (learn->priority != OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY) {
ds_put_format(s, ",priority=%"PRIu16, learn->priority);
}
if (learn->flags & NX_LEARN_F_SEND_FLOW_REM) {
ds_put_cstr(s, ",send_flow_rem");
}
if (learn->flags & NX_LEARN_F_DELETE_LEARNED) {
ds_put_cstr(s, ",delete_learned");
}
if (learn->cookie != 0) {
ds_put_format(s, ",cookie=%#"PRIx64, ntohll(learn->cookie));
}
for (spec = learn->specs; spec < &learn->specs[learn->n_specs]; spec++) {
ds_put_char(s, ',');
switch (spec->src_type | spec->dst_type) {
case NX_LEARN_SRC_IMMEDIATE | NX_LEARN_DST_MATCH:
if (spec->dst.ofs == 0
&& spec->dst.n_bits == spec->dst.field->n_bits) {
union mf_value value;
memset(&value, 0, sizeof value);
bitwise_copy(&spec->src_imm, sizeof spec->src_imm, 0,
&value, spec->dst.field->n_bytes, 0,
spec->dst.field->n_bits);
ds_put_format(s, "%s=", spec->dst.field->name);
mf_format(spec->dst.field, &value, NULL, s);
} else {
mf_format_subfield(&spec->dst, s);
ds_put_char(s, '=');
mf_format_subvalue(&spec->src_imm, s);
}
break;
case NX_LEARN_SRC_FIELD | NX_LEARN_DST_MATCH:
mf_format_subfield(&spec->dst, s);
if (spec->src.field != spec->dst.field ||
spec->src.ofs != spec->dst.ofs) {
ds_put_char(s, '=');
mf_format_subfield(&spec->src, s);
}
break;
case NX_LEARN_SRC_IMMEDIATE | NX_LEARN_DST_LOAD:
ds_put_format(s, "load:");
mf_format_subvalue(&spec->src_imm, s);
ds_put_cstr(s, "->");
mf_format_subfield(&spec->dst, s);
break;
case NX_LEARN_SRC_FIELD | NX_LEARN_DST_LOAD:
ds_put_cstr(s, "load:");
mf_format_subfield(&spec->src, s);
ds_put_cstr(s, "->");
mf_format_subfield(&spec->dst, s);
break;
case NX_LEARN_SRC_FIELD | NX_LEARN_DST_OUTPUT:
ds_put_cstr(s, "output:");
mf_format_subfield(&spec->src, s);
break;
}
}
ds_put_char(s, ')');
}